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N5 & H Chemistry > N2A - Homologous series > Flashcards

N2A - Homologous series Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a family of compounds known as?

A

a homologous series

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

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3
Q

What are the alkanes?

A

the alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons where all carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds

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4
Q

What is the first member of the alkane homologous series?

A

Methane

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5
Q

What is the second member of the alkane homologous series?

A

Ethane

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6
Q

What is the third member of the alkane homologous series?

A

Propane

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7
Q

What is the fourth member of the alkane homologous series?

A

butane

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8
Q

What is the fifth member of the alkane homologous series?

A

pentane

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9
Q

What is the sixth member of the alkane homologous series?

A

hexane

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10
Q

What is the seventh member of the alkane homologous series?

A

heptane

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11
Q

What is the eight member of the alkane homologous series?

A

octane

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12
Q

What is the molecular formula for methane?

A

CH4

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13
Q

What is the molecular formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

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14
Q

What is the molecular formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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15
Q

What is the molecular formula for butane?

A

C4H10

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16
Q

What is the molecular formula for pentane?

A

C5H12

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17
Q

What is the molecular formula for hexane?

A

C6H14

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18
Q

What is the molecular formula for heptane?

A

C7H16

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19
Q

What is the molecular formula for octane?

A

C8H18

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20
Q

Physical state of methane at room temp?

A

gas

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21
Q

Physical state of ethane at room temp?

A

gas

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22
Q

Physical state of propane at room temp?

A

gas

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23
Q

Physical state of butane at temp?

A

gas

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24
Q

Physical state of pentane at temp?

A

liquid

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25
Q

Physical state of hexane at temp?

A

liquid

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26
Q

Physical state of heptane at temp?

A

liquid

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27
Q

Physical state of octane at temp?

A

liquid

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28
Q

Full structural formula for butane?

A

H H H H | | | | H—C—C—C—C—H | | | | H H H H

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29
Q

Shortened structural formula of butane

A

CH3CH2CH2CH3 OR CH3(CH2)2CH3

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30
Q

General formula for the alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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31
Q

What are examples of physical properties?

A

-melting points -boiling points -viscosity -colour

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32
Q

Describe the physical properties of the alkanes

A

for the melting and boiling point data for alkanes, there is a gradual increase from methane to octane. longer chains have higher melting and boiling points as bigger molecules have stronger forces of attraction between them and so it takes more energy to separate the bigger alkane molecules from each other they are insoluble in water

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33
Q

What are the alkanes used for?

A

they are used as fuels

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34
Q

When alkanes burn completely what do they produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water CH4 + O2 —-> CO2 + H20

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35
Q

What are the common features of the alkane homologous series?

A

same general formula similar properties- they all burn show a gradual change in physical properties - boiling points increase as the alkane molecules increase in size

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36
Q

What are known as isomers

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are known as isomers

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37
Q

What different things do isomers have?

A

Isomers have different physical properties

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38
Q

As the alkanes become larger in size what happens to isomers

A

the number of isomers fore each alkane increases too e.g. pentane has three isomers and hexane has five isomers

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39
Q

What are the rules for naming branched alkanes?

A

Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms and name the alkane with this number of carbon atoms identify the branch and name it according to the number of carbon atoms in the branch number the branch so that it has the lower of two possible numbers (what carbon atom it comes off)

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40
Q

When there is only one branch what is the name, the structure of the branch?

A

methyl -CH3

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41
Q

When there is only two branches what is the name, the structure and the prefix of the branch?

A

ethyl -C2H5 di

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42
Q

When there is only three branches what is the name, the structure and the prefix of the branch?

A

propyl -C3H7 tri

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43
Q

If there were two methyl branches what prefix would we add?

A

di

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44
Q

If there is only one way to draw a branch (such as methylbutane) what do we not need to do?

A

Use a number to indicate from which carbon atom it stems off

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45
Q

If there are two methyl branches on the third and fourth carbon atom how would we write the formula (for hexane)?

A

3,4 dimethylhexane

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46
Q

Definition of physical properties within homologous series’

A

something that can be observed or measured e.g. melting and boiling points, viscosity and colour

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47
Q

What are the cycloalkanes?

A

a homologous series of hydrocarbons where the carbon atoms join together to form a closed ring

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48
Q

Name the cycloalkanes

A

cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane cyclohexane cyclohexane cyclooctane

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49
Q

What is the molecular formula of cyclopropane?

A

C3H6

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50
Q

What is the molecular formula of cyclobutane?

A

C4H8

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51
Q

What is the molecular formula of cyclopentane?

A

C5H10

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52
Q

What is the molecular formula of cyclohexane?

A

C6H12

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53
Q

What is the molecular formula of cycloheptane?

A

C7H14

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54
Q

What is the molecular formula of cyclooctane?

A

C8H16

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55
Q

What state at room temperature is cyclopropane?

A

gas

56
Q

What state at room temperature is Cyclobutane?

A

gas

57
Q

What state at room temperature is Cyclopentane?

A

liquid

58
Q

What state at room temperature is Cyclohexane?

A

liquid

59
Q

What state at room temperature is Cycloheptane?

A

liquid

60
Q

What state at room temperature is Cycoloctane?

A

liquid

61
Q

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclopropane

A
62
Q

Draw the full structural formula of cyclopropane

A
63
Q

Draw the full strucutral formula of cyclobutane

A
64
Q

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclobutane

A
65
Q

Draw the full structural formula of cyclopentane

A
66
Q

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclopentane

A
67
Q

Draw the full structural formula of cyclohexane

A
68
Q

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclohexane

A
69
Q

Draw the full structural formula of cycloheptane

A
70
Q

Draw the shortened structural formula of cycloheptane

A
71
Q

Draw the full structural formula of cyclooctane

A
72
Q

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclopentane

A
73
Q

What is the general formula of the cycloalkanes

A
74
Q

Desribe the physical properties of the alkanes

A
75
Q

Describe the chemical properties of the cycloalkanes

A
76
Q

What are the uses of the cycloalkanes ?

A

can be used as fuels but most are used to make other compounds

77
Q
A

Draw the full structural formula of cyclopropane

78
Q
A

Draw the full strucutral formula of cyclobutane

79
Q
A

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclobutane

80
Q
A

Draw the full structural formula of cyclopentane

81
Q
A

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclopentane

82
Q
A

Draw the full structural formula of cyclohexane

83
Q
A

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclohexane

84
Q
A

Draw the full structural formula of cycloheptane

85
Q
A

Draw the shortened structural formula of cycloheptane

86
Q
A

Draw the full structural formula of cyclooctane

87
Q
A

Draw the shortened structural formula of cyclopentane

88
Q

What are the alkenes?

A
89
Q

What is the general formula for the alkenes ?

A
90
Q

What does the fact that the cycloalkanes and the alkenes have the same general formual allow us to conclude?

A
91
Q

What is the names of the alkenes?

A
92
Q

What is the shortened structural formula of ethene?

A
93
Q

What is the shortened structural formula of propene?

A
94
Q

What is the shortened structural formula of hexene?

A
95
Q

How can we work out the molecular formula for the alkenes?

A
96
Q

Ethene State at room temperature

A
97
Q

Propene state at room temperature

A

gas

98
Q

butene stateat room temperature?

A
99
Q

penetene state at roomt temperature

A
100
Q

hexene state at room temperature

A
101
Q

heptene state at room temperature

A
102
Q

octene state at room temperature

A
103
Q

What temperature is room temperature ?

A

25C

104
Q

Draw the full structural formula of ethene

A
105
Q

Draw the full structural formula of propene

A
106
Q

Draw the full structural formula of hexene

A
107
Q

How can alkenes also form isomers?

A
108
Q

how are the isomers of alkenes named?

A
109
Q

How do we name an alkenes isomers

A

we insert the

110
Q

How do we name an alkene’s iosmers when there are alos branches

A

where there are branches, the double bond takes priority over the branch

E.G

4-methlypent2ene

111
Q

Name this:

A
112
Q

What is the general formula for the alkenes?

A
113
Q

What does “saturated” mean?

A
114
Q

When there is multiple double bonds in an alkene what is used to indicated the number of double bonds

A

a prefix is used

diene for two double bonds

triene for three double bonds

115
Q

Describe the physcial properties of the alkenes

A

their melting and boiling points increase

they are insoluble in water

they burn to produce Co2 and H2O

Unsaturated

116
Q

What does unsaturated mean in chemistry

A

a compound that can have more atoms added to it. It will contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond

117
Q

What does the presence of the carbon-to-carbon double bond allow alkenes to take part in ?

A

reactions knowm as addition reactions, where reacting molecules can ‘add’ across the reactive double bond as shown in the diagram below

118
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

a chemical reaction where molecules add across a double bond

119
Q

What do alkenes produce wen they react with hydrogen gas

A

alkanes

120
Q

Draw propene reacting with hydrogen gas to produce propane

A
121
Q

What is the name of the reaction involving alkenes reacting with hydrogen gas to produce alkanes?

A
122
Q

Define hydrogenation

A

an addition reactoin where hydrogen is added across a double bond (alkene - alkane)

123
Q

Following a hydrogenation reaction, is alkane said to be saturated or unsaturated - justify your answer

A

saturated becuase no more atoms can be added to the molecule

124
Q

What is a convenient labratory test for the presence of double bonds in a moelcule

A

shake the compound with bromine solution

alkenes cause the bromine solution to decoularise rapidy

with alkanes and cycloalkanes the bromine does not decoularise rapidly

the reaction with the alkene with bromine solution is an other example of an addition reaction: the bromine molecule adds across teh double bond of teh alkene

125
Q

Describe alkenes reacting with the halogens

A
126
Q

What is formed when alkenes are made to react together?

A

Alkenes can be made to react with eachother to form very large compounds known as polymers

E.G.

ethene molecules can react with other ethene molecules to form polyethene

127
Q

What are polymers

A

a very large molecuel formed by the joining together of many smaller molecules (monomers)

128
Q

What is hydration

A

a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon producing an alcohol

129
Q

What is a homologous series

A

a group of molecules with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

130
Q

What is fractional distillition

A

crude oil is a collection of hydrocarbons and during fractional distillition the crude oil is heated up and as each hydrocarbon has a idfferent boiling point they can be collected individually

this results in long useless hydrocarbonc ahins

131
Q

Cracking hydrocarbons

A

cracking turns long saturated hydrocarbosn into two smaller hydrocarbons where one is saturated and the other is unsaturated

It is unsaturated as their is not enough hydrogens to make two alkanes

132
Q

What do we use for petrols

A

short saturated molecules

133
Q

What do we use for plastics

A

short unsaturated molecules

134
Q

What do we need to remember in the experiment during crude oil

A

Before removing the heat from the delivery tube lift the delivery tube out of the bromine solution to prevent suck back

135
Q

When one burns a hydrocarbon what is produces

A

CO2 which is linked to global warming and to climate change

136
Q
A

N5 & H Chemistry (11 decks)

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