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N1213 > N1213 Head, Neck, Eyes > Flashcards

N1213 Head, Neck, Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What do we look for when palpating? (3 spots)

A
  • trachea for position, sternal notch
  • palpating thyroid gland, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
  • anterior and posterior position
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2
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A
  • increased metabolic function
  • inc. HR/BP
  • enlarged thyroid = goiter
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3
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • Lethargy (tired, sleepy, slow)
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4
Q

List the common symptoms of head and neck? (6)

A
  • headache
  • neck pain/stiffness (meningitis)
  • limited neck movements (msk)
  • lumps or masses (large cervical lymph nodes)
  • hypothroidism
  • hyperthyroidism
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5
Q

Headache (cephalgia) (4)

A
  • organic disease (tumour)
  • stress response
  • vasodilation (migraine)
  • skeletal muscle tension (tension headache)
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6
Q

Primary headache has ______ cause, and includes _____, ____, and _____.

A
  • no known cause

- migraine, tensions, cluster

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7
Q

Secondary headache is a ______ cause.

A
  • direct cause (brain tumour or aneurism)
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8
Q

Migraine headache occurs _________.

And lasts from hours to _____.

A
  • periodic and recurrent attacks of severe headache

- lasts from hours to days

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9
Q

What are the 4 phases of migraines?

A

P.A.H.R

1) Prodrome
2) Aura
3) Headache
4) Recovery

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10
Q

Prodrome symptoms?

A
  • hours to days

- depression, irritability, feeling cold, food cravings, anorexia, change in urination, constipation

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11
Q

Aura symptoms?

A
  • focal neurological symptoms

- light flashes, bright spots, half visual field (heminoptic, numbness, tingling, slight weakness, drowsiness)

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12
Q

Headache symptoms?

A
  • vasodilation phase, intensifying over a couple hours
  • photophobia, light sensitivity, Gi symptoms
  • 4-72 hours
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13
Q

Recovery symptoms?

A
  • muscle ache, local tenderness, sleep for extended periods
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14
Q

List some triggers for migraines? (6)

A
  • menstrual cycle
  • bright light
  • stress, sleep deprivation
  • fatigue
  • food; tyramine, aged cheese, chocolate
  • oral contraceptives
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15
Q

What food triggers migraines?

A

tyramine, aged cheese, chocolate

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16
Q

List one migraine secondary prevention strategy?

A
  • migraine diary (writing down what happened before)
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17
Q

What are some non-pharmacological nursing interventions for a patient experiencing a headache? (tertiary prevention) (6)

A
  • elevate head of bed to 30 degrees
  • provide medications to relieve nausea and vomiting
  • provide quiet/dark environment
  • warm compress/message (tension headache)
  • reduce anxiety (fear of tumour)
  • patient and family participation
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18
Q

What are 4 risk reduction tips for head and neck injury?

A

1) drive safe
2) wear protective equipment
3) avoid violence in environment
4) fall prevention assessment of home

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19
Q

Secondary prevention of head/neck injury? (3)

A
  • regulations regarding medical assessment and return to play
  • standardized neuro-cognitive testing
  • reference to individual baseline scores when possible
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20
Q

Microcephalic

A

abnormally small head

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21
Q

Macrocephalic

A

abnormally large head

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22
Q

Normocephalic

A

round symmetric skull that is appropriately related to body size

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23
Q

How to Use the Ophthalmoscope?

A

Each lens labeled negative or positive # =
dioptre

Red # = negative diopter = myopic (nearsighted) clients.

Black # = positive dioptre = hyperopic (farsighted) clients.

The zero lens is used if neither the examiner nor the client has refractive errors.

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24
Q

Early symptoms of eye damage? (8)

A
  • pain
  • trauma (fall or violent event)
  • visual change (bluured vision, cataracts, gradual = illness or aging, possible cranial nerve problem)
  • floaters (black dots)
  • halos (bright lights around light source)
  • discharge (infection or inflammation of foreign body)
  • itching/burning (allergies)
  • related changes in ADL’s (reading/driving)
25
Q

Common abnormalities?

A
  • myopia
  • presbyopia
  • astigmatism
  • ptosis
  • nystagmus
26
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness

27
Q

presbyopia

A

farsightedness

28
Q

Astigmatism

A

blurred or double vision

29
Q

pstosis

A

drooping eyelid

30
Q

nystagmus

A

shaking movement of eye

31
Q

Glaucoma is ____ intraocular pressure.

A
  • inc. intraocular pressure
32
Q

What is the cause of glaucoma?

A
  • possible optic nerve damage

- congestion of aqueous humour

33
Q

Symptoms of glaucoma?

A

sharp stabbing, burning, or stinging sensation

34
Q

Cataracts? What can be done for it?

A
  • clumping of proteins in lens = expected by age 70
  • surgery can be done
  • opacity that develops in lens of eye
35
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness?

A

cataracts

36
Q

Risk factors of cataracts? (5)

A
  • Lower income and educational levels
  • Smoking history 35 > pack years, diabetes
  • Excessive sun exposure, hyper triglycerides
  • Levels in men, medication
  • age
37
Q

Early Symptoms of cataracts? (6)

A
  • Painless blurring vision
  • Light sensitivity
  • Poor night vision
  • Double vision in one eye
  • Needing brighter than usual light to read
  • Fading or yellowing of colours
38
Q

How to prevent eye diseases? (5)

A
  • regular eye exams
  • healthy diet
  • don’t smoke
  • use contact lens with care
  • know risk factors
39
Q

Vertigo

A

(movement or environment is spinning), vestibulocochlear inflamed, cranial nerve 8
- work related

40
Q

Macular Degeneration

A
  • blurred central vision, damage to retina, leading cause of severe vision loss
41
Q

Gradual blurring while reading is a result of _______.

A

Macular degeneration

42
Q

Women have ____ risk to develop macular degeneration due to estrogen and living older than men.

A

higher

43
Q

Otoscope

A

ears

44
Q

Common ear symptoms (5)

A
  • hearing loss
  • otitis media
  • vertigo
  • tinnitus
  • otalgia
45
Q

Otitis Media

A

infection or inflammation in middle ear

46
Q

Tinnitus

A

ringing, thumping, abnormal sounds, continuous or intermittent

47
Q

Otalgia

A

pain in the ear

48
Q

Hearing tests

A
  • weber’s test
  • rinne test
  • romberg test
49
Q

What are some client symptoms of hearing loss? (5)

A
  • withdrawal from conversations
  • avoidance of social settings
  • turn up volume
  • asking others to repeat/speak slowly
  • muffling of speech
50
Q

Certain medications (decongestants, antihistamines, painkillers, diuretics, and antidepressants) can ____ saliva flow.

A

reduce

51
Q

Common mouth, nose, and throat symptoms? (7)

A
  • facial pressure/pain/headache
  • snoring/sleep apnea
  • obstructive breathing
  • nasal congestion
  • epistaxis
  • halitosis
  • anosmia
52
Q 
These are examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ symptoms...:
cough
pharyngitis
dysphagia
dental aching/pain
hoarseness/voice changes
oral leisions
A

common mouth, nose, and throat symptoms

53
Q

List risk factors for oral cancer? (7-8)

A
  • tobacco
  • alcohol
  • HPV
  • previous cancer
  • family history of SCC
  • sun exposure
  • diet low in vegetables/fruits
  • weakened immune system
  • poor oral health
54
Q

What are possible risk factors for oral cancer? (2)

A
  • poor-fitting dentures

- drinking hot beverages

55
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

56
Q

Halitosis

A

bad breath

- embarassing

57
Q

Anosmia

A

dec. smell

- symptom of COVID

58
Q

Health promotion for mouth?

A
  • brush/floss with fluoride
  • visit dentist
  • Canada’s food guide diet
  • avoid tobacco
  • drink minimal/no alcohol

N1213 (9 decks)

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