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N110 > N110 Week 4 > Flashcards

N110 Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ and human motivation can explain major nursing concepts.

A

Systems

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2
Q

Systems theory

A

a set of interrelated parts, in which each part is necessary to the whole

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3
Q

Component parts to a system include:

A 
Input
Throughput
Output
Evaluation
Feedback
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4
Q

Systems model applied to Nursing Practice

Consists of:

A

person, environment, and health

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5
Q
  1. Nursing views “persons” as unique ____ systems.
  2. ____is defined as each individual man, woman, or child ( mind, body, spirit)
  3. Each individual person functions as an open system with numerous _______
  4. Open system: Promotes _____ of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the environment (all living systems)
A
  1. open
  2. Person
  3. subsystems
  4. exchange
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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

Dynamic balance within and between systems - internal stability

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7
Q

What is each level of Maslow’s human needs hierarchy (5)?

A 
Level 1:physiological survival 
Level 2: Safety and security needs
Level 3: Needs for love and belonging
Level 4: Self-esteem needs
Level 5: Self-actualization
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8
Q

Maslow’s human needs hierarchy.

Level 1:

A
  1. Those needs that ensure physiological survival. Oxygen, rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression Ex: homeless person
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9
Q

Maslow’s human needs hierarchy.

Level 2:

A

Level 2: Safety and security needs
Include physical and psychological needs/ fairly predictable environment which is relatively free of chaos or fear Ex: infants moved into foster care with frequent changes

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10
Q

Maslow’s human needs hierarchy.

Level 3:

A

Level 3: Needs for love and belonging

Social and intimate relationships Ex: belonging in a group/assoc/team/ friends

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11
Q

Maslow’s human needs hierarchy.

Level 4:

A

Level 4: Self-esteem needs
Need for self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance
Ex: feeling of self-worth/valued

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12
Q

Maslow’s human needs hierarchy.

Level 5:

A

Level 5: Self-actualization

Realization of one’s maximum or optimal potential

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13
Q

All elements of an individuals environment affect health. Elements include:

A

all circumstances, influences, and conditions that surround and affect individuals, families and groups

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14
Q

________ the most direct influence on a person, includes nuclear and extended families.

A

Family systems

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15
Q

________ consists of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of social and ethnic groups that are perpetuated through generations.

A

Cultural systems

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16
Q

________ groups of families, neighborhoods, schools, churches, professional associations, civic groups and recreational groups, poverty

A

Social systems

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17
Q

_______ larger systems in which people live

A

Community, national, and world systems

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18
Q

Health is a dynamic continuum:

Parsons (1959): Health is

A

“the state of optimum capacity of an individual for the effective performance of roles and tasks.”

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19
Q

According to World Health Organization (WHO, 1947): Health is

A

“a state of complete physical mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

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20
Q

Health is a ______ vs. an absolute state.
Health _____ from day to day.
Illness is not an ______ state; it also can vary from day to day.

A

continuum
varies
absolute

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21
Q

What is:
-A National Healthy Initiative
Disease prevention & health promotion
-Consists of goals and focus areas
-Access to quality health services to increase quality and years of healthy life and eliminate health disparities

A

Healthy People 2000, 2010, 2020

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22
Q

Health behaviors include:

A

Those choices and habitual actions that promote or diminish health, such as Eating habits, frequency of exercise, use of tobacco products and alcohol, sexual practices, adequacy of rest and sleep

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23
Q

What are the three components of the Health beliefs model (Rosenstock, 1966, 1990)?

A
  1. Evaluation of one’s vulnerability to, and seriousness of, a condition
  2. Individuals/groups perception of how effective the health behavior might be
  3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance behavior
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24
Q

An Open system integrates person, environment and health. _____ nursing care nourishes the whole person: body, mind, spirit.

A

Holistic

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25
Q

Nursing care functions as an open system that:

A

interacts with, influences and

is influenced by forces that are internal and external to a patient.

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26
Q

Holistic health

A

a focus on the interrelationship of all the parts that make up a whole person.

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27
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Health practices include: 
Nutritional habits
Type and amount of exercise
Types and amounts of rest
How persons cope with stress
Quality of interpersonal relationships
Expression of spirituality
Other lifestyle factors
A

Holistic

28
Q

Role of Nursing is to help….

A

patient achieve the highest level of health

29
Q

Nursing focuses on optimally assisting people to:

A

Manage health
Avoid or minimize disease and disability (prevention).
Restore wellness or
Achieve a peaceful death

30
Q

The nurse’s ability to facilitate health for the patient involves:

A
  • Collaboration with patients and families
  • Provision of care regardless of individual differences
  • Support for the value, dignity, and uniqueness of each person
  • Consideration and inclusion of patients’ cultural and belief systems
31
Q

Categories of Health Care Services Include:

A

Health promotion and maintenance
Illness prevention
Diagnosis and treatment
Rehabilitation and long-term care

32
Q

assist patients to remain healthy, prevent disease and injuries, detect diseases early, and promote healthier lifestyles
Ex: church group holding “health fair” to discuss importance of BP screening, mammograms, annual check-ups

A

Health promotion and maintenance

33
Q

Assist patients in reducing the impact of risk factors identified through family history and genetic predispositions
Risk factors are already present
Ex.: anticipatory guidance for grief counseling, encourage dermatology visits if hx melanoma

A

Illness prevention

34
Q

Traditional goal of medicine; assess symptoms, conduct diagnostic tests, generate formal diagnosis, plan and implement treatment regimens. Ex: CT scan, X-ray, biopsy, medications

A

Diagnosis and treatment

35
Q

Help restore the patient to the fullest possible level of function and independence following injury or illness
Ex: diabetic teaching

A

Rehabilitation and long-term care

36
Q

Public agencies are supported by______ (federal or city govt.). While Private Agencies are supported by _________.

A

taxes

endowments and donations.

37
Q
  • Focus on the health of all U.S. citizens; promote and conduct health and illness research, provide funding to train health care workers, assist communities in planning health care services; develop, staff and help fund health programs
  • Establish standards of practice and safety for health care workers
  • Nonprofit Ex: NIH, DHHS, CDC
A

Govt Agencies

38
Q
  • Oversee programs that affect the health of citizens within an individual state
  • Usually do not provide direct patient care but support agencies that do
  • Nonprofit EX: PA Dept of Health, state agencies for Medicaid/ Medicare/ WIC
A

State agencies (public)

39
Q

-Serve one community, one county, or a few adjacent counties
-Services include immunizations, prenatal care, well-baby care, infectious disease clinics, tuberculosis clinics, and others
-Provide services to both paying and nonpaying citizens
Nonprofit. Ex: Phila public health dept …visiting RNs, prenatal clinics

A

Local agencies (public)

40
Q

-Work to promote or restore health through private donations and government grants
-Usually nonprofit
Ex: American Red Cross/ Amer Heart Assoc/March of Dimes/ Amer Cancer Society

A

Voluntary agencies (private)

41
Q

Use profits to pay personnel, improve services, advertise services, provide educational programs, or otherwise contribute to the mission of the agency. Monies are fed back into the agency

A

Not-for-profit agencies

42
Q
  • Include numerous home health care companies, hospital systems, specialty outpatient centers, heart hospitals, and rehabilitation centers
  • These agencies distribute profits earned to partners or shareholders
A

For-profit agencies

43
Q
  • Care rendered at the point at which a patient first enters the health care system
  • Care provided in physician’s office or clinic
  • May include emergency care, health maintenance, chronic care, health promotion
A

Primary care services

44
Q
  • Involves the prevention of complications from disease
  • Includes treatment of temporary dysfunctions requiring medical intervention or hospitalization
  • Can be provided in a community hospital, ambulatory care center, surgical centers
A

Secondary care services

45
Q
  • Provided to acutely ill or injured patients with complex conditions
  • Can be a hospital trauma center, burn center, or pediatric hospital
  • Provides interdisciplinary approach to care……patient will be seen by a team of health care workers ( nutrition, social work, cardiology, internal medicine, etc.)
A

Tertiary care services

46
Q
  • Inpatient care that lies between hospital care and long-term care
  • Goal-oriented, comprehensive inpatient care for patients who have acute illnesses, injuries, or exacerbations of a disease process
  • Provides lower-cost health care than alternatives
A

Subacute care

47
Q
  1. ______ The governing body, or Board of Trustees; community leaders and physicians who practice in the institution and provide business knowledge and expertise
  2. _______ Individual responsible for the overall operation on a daily basis; usually has a master’s degree in business or hospital administration
A

Board of Directors

Chief Executive Officer

48
Q
  1. _______ Physicians who may be either employees of the organization or independent practitioners; must be granted privileges to see patients at the institution
  2. _______ Medical staffs are often organized by service, with Chief of Staff as head; work together with the Chief Executive Officer
A

Medical Staff

Medical Staff Governance

49
Q

______Today are often members of the Board of Directors, as contributors to broad decision making for the organization

A

Chief Nursing Officer (or chief nurse executive, vice president for nursing or director of nursing)

50
Q
  1. _____ Consists of all the registered nurses, licensed practical nurses/licensed vocational nurses, patient care technicians, and clerical assistants employed by the department of nursing
  2. _______Serves as a communication and decision-making vehicle. In some institutions, nurses are expected to govern themselves; responsibility for the professional practice of nursing in their institution
A

Nursing Staff

Nursing Staff Governance:

51
Q

What are the two main means to ensure maintenance of quality standards?

A

Accreditation and Quality Improvement

52
Q

Accreditation of health care agencies - occurs through one of two accrediting bodies approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). They are:

A
  • The Joint Commission ( JCAHO): Nonprofit; serving as the nation’s predominant standard-setting and accrediting body in U.S. health care
  • Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP)
53
Q

An internal strategy for organizations to work toward improvement in patient outcomes
Focus on establishing procedures for ensuring high-quality patient care

A

Continuous quality improvement/total quality management

54
Q

Defined as: Differences in the quality of health care provided to different populations

A

Health Care Disparities

55
Q

Frequent health care disparities include:

A
  • Ethnic or racial disparities
  • Education level
  • Gender
  • Disability
  • Age
  • Sexual orientation
  • Income
  • Place of residence
56
Q

Since the initial National Healthcare Disparities Report (NHDR), for minorities…

A

more things have gotten worse than gotten better

57
Q

The nurse’s role includes (7)

A
  1. Provider of care
  2. Educator
  3. Counselor
  4. Manager
  5. Researcher
  6. Collaborator
  7. Patient Advocate
58
Q

The nurse role “provider of care” includes:

A
  • Provide direct, hands-on care in all health care agencies and settings
  • Illness prevention
  • Health promotion
  • Health maintenance
59
Q

______ Began in 1950s

  • Organizing and distributing tasks among available staff
  • Fragmented care/ task oriented
A

Functional nursing

60
Q

________ Began in late 1950s

  • Nursing teams composed of staff members with different skill levels assigned to defined groups of patients
  • fragmented care/ lack of communication
A

Team nursing

61
Q

_______1970s (increased acuity)

  • An identified nurse for every patient during the patient’s hospital stay, for consistent comprehensive care….care of that patient from admission to D/C……
  • Good continuity of care
A

Primary nursing

62
Q

-Holistic approach to care
-Patient’s right to individualized care through multidisciplinary team of professionals.
-Patient’s needs have priority over institution’s needs.
Started 1970s and Used in most hospitals today

A

Patient-Centered Care

63
Q

_______ accounts for 20% to 28% of the cost of hospitalization for most patient groups.

A

Nursing care

64
Q

_____ Group of jointly funded federal-state programs for low-income, elderly, blind, and disabled individuals, established in 1965
People must meet eligibility requirements.

A

Medicaid

65
Q

______A nationwide federal health insurance program established in 1965 for people ages 65 and over, regardless of income

A

Medicare

66
Q

How can Nurses play a role in controlling health care costs?

A

First step is to become cost conscious
Nurses can promote cost savings by:
Providing excellent patient care
Being advocates for their patients’ financial needs regarding health care services

67
Q

Nurses can help control health care costs by:
1. Question unnecessary or ______ laboratory studies and tests
Suggest generic drugs over name brands
2. _____ patients and families to monitor health conditions and detect problems early to avoid repeat hospitalizations
3._______ infections with basic hand-washing and avoidance of bed sores for patients
4. Prevent patient ____
5. Organize and streamline flow of patients for maximum ____

A
  1. repetitive
  2. Teach
  3. Prevent
  4. falls
  5. efficiency

N110 (4 decks)

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