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SLPPG 501 Neurological Bases of Communication Disorders > N1: Overview of the Nervous System > Flashcards

N1: Overview of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System composed of?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

- ganglia and nerves

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2
Q

What is the Central Nervous System composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

  • gray matter and nuclei (collection of neurons)
  • white matter and tracts (collection of axons)
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3
Q

What are the “functional” categories”?

A

somatic (motor/efferent or sensory/afferent) and visceral (motor/efferent or sensory/afferent)

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4
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System categorized under?

A

Visceral-> motor/efferent-> parasympathetic (rest or digest, S2-S4) or sympathetic (fight or flight, T1-L3)

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5
Q

Where is the Central Sulcus located?

A

In between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

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6
Q

Where is the Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure) located?

A

Separated the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

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7
Q

Where is the Parieto-Occipital Sulcus?

A

Between the parietal lobe and occipital lobe

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8
Q

Where is the calcarine fissure located?

A

Separates the occipital lobe in half

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9
Q

Spinal cord organization?

A 
31 pairs of spinal nerves:
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1-2 coccygeal
Conus Medullaris (cone shape at the end)
Cauda Equina (nerves that extend farther out)
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10
Q

Spinal nerves?

A

posterior root
-sensory neurons (pseudounipolar)

posterior root ganglion
-cell bodies of sensory neurons

anterior root
-motor neurons (multipolar)

Posterior side= sensory side, anterior side= motor

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11
Q

Cerebral hemisphere anatomical orientation?

A

anterior (rostral)
superior (dorsal)
posterior (caudal)
inferior (ventral)

Roy doesn’t carry violins.

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12
Q

Brainstem and spinal cord anatomical orientation?

A

anterior (ventral)
superior (rostral)
posterior (dorsal)
inferior (caudal)

Violins Roy doesn’t carry

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13
Q

What is a neuron?

A

neuron = functional unit of the nervous system

  • cell body
  • dendrite(s): bring in signals
  • axon: several feet long
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14
Q

Types of neurons?

A

multipolar neurons

  • 99% of all neurons
  • whole bunch of processes sticking out

pseudounipolar neurons
- sensory ganglia

bipolar neurons

  • retina, cranial nerve I, cranial nerve VIII
  • only 2 processes
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15
Q

6 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Molecular
  2. External granular
  3. External pyramidal
  4. Internal granular
  5. Internal pyramidal
  6. Multiform
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16
Q

Cell body composition?

A

contains nucleus, nucleolus,
Nissl bodies (ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum), Golgi complexes,
mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules

17
Q

Dendrites composition?

A

contains same organelles as cell body except nucleus

Nissl bodies and Golgi complexes only in proximal portion

18
Q

Axon composition?

A

contains mitochondria,
neurofilaments and microtubules,
but no protein-making machinery

19
Q

Components of a neuron?

A 
A. Nissl bodies
B. axon hillock- point where axon begins
C. initial segment- always unmyelinated
D. internodal segment
E. node of Ranvier- gap between unmyelinating cells
20
Q

CNS glial cells?

A

oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

21
Q

Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • branched processes radiate from cell body
  • myelination of CNS axons
  • 1 oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple segments on multiple axons
  • multiple sclerosis demyelinates neurons of CNS
22
Q

Astrocytes?

A
  • numerous thin stellate processes radiate from cell body
  • regulation of extracellular ionic environment
  • guidance of migrating neurons during brain development
  • regulate the blood-brain barrier
  • glioblastoma multiforme severe type of brain tumor
23
Q

PNS non-neuronal cells?

A

Schwann cells

  • myelination of PNS axons
  • single internodal segment
  • axons can regenerate to target
24
Q

PNS ganglia?

A

sensory ganglia

autonomic ganglia

25
Q

Sensory ganglia?

A

-sensory
-pseudounipolar neurons
-neuron density higher
-satellite cells greater (support cells for PNS neurons)
-no synapses
These look more crowded

26
Q

Autonomic ganglia?

A

-motor
-multipolar neurons
-neuron density lower
-satellite cells fewer
-synapses
These look less crowded

27
Q

Myelin sheath?

A
  • up to 50 plasma membrane layers
  • oligodendrocytes in CNS, Schwann cells in PNS
  • cover internodal segment
28
Q

Schwann cells?

A 
-myelinated axons are enclosed
by up to 50 plasma membrane layers
of Schwann cells
-unmyelinated axons are enclosed
by invaginations of plasma membrane
of Schwann cells
29
Q

Neuromuscular synapse?

A
  • neurotransmitter is ACh (+)

- junctional folds in skeletal muscle

30
Q

CNS synapse?

A
  • axosomatic: axon to cell body
  • axodendritic: axon to dendrite
  • axoaxonic: axon to axon

neurotransmitters include glutamate (+) and GABA (-)

SLPPG 501 Neurological Bases of Communication Disorders (4 decks)

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