n Flashcards
what does reconstructive memory theory deal with?
how information is stored and retrieved from memory
what did bartlet do?
used images and stories in experiment (war of ghosts). He asked ppt to recall the story at increasing intervals, (10 mins, a week, a month, up to 6 years). He found that story was made shorter
what did Bartlett conclude about reconstructive memory
prone to distortion, rationalisation, transformation, simplification
what is schema theory
packages of knowledge based on past experiences and expectations. They help reconstruct/fill gaps . eg your schema of a car crash may include broken glass.
what is variable information and fixed information
fixed info is the unchanging parts of a schema for particular thing for eg. if you were going to restaurant then schema consists of menues, paying bill. Variable info are things that change, eg. convos spoken at restaurant or particular food eaten
why might two people have unique accounts of same event
each person has own individual experiences and prior knowledge, meaning they have their own unique schemas which influence their recollection of an event. One of their beliefs may cause one of them to focus on one specific detail whereas another may focus on another aspect leading to varied recollections
what did pavlov aim to do
understand how reflex behaviours are processed in the brain, using dogs due to their higher order thinking abilities
SREYA STOP SMILING
Pavlov how did he create a controlled he create a controlled environment
sound proof lab to eliminate external influences and ensure controlled conditions
signalization(Pavlov)
brain links metronome to food, triggering the salivation
what is an unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. eg food
what is the unconditioned response
unlearned and naturally occurring response to UCS eg salivating when food presented
what is conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus (bell/metronome) presented alongside a UCS leading to assosiation of the two stimuli triggering a conditioned responce
stimulus generalisation
once a responce conditioned then similar stimuli to the CS can elicit the same CR. Eg dog salivate to something resembling a bell
what are hormones
chemical messengers that transmit info in bloodstream from endocrine glands. control biological processes
testosterone
male and females have, higher in men. Male sex hormone. Higher levels linked to aggression
how does testosterone influence development
Critical period after birth where testosterone effects the neural circuits in the hypothalamus and amygdala which affect future aggression
cortisol
stress hormone. High cortisol blocks testosterone and low cortisol allows high T. Dual hormone hypothesis
what did McBurnett claim
boys with low cortisol exhibit high aggression
adrenaline
fight or flight responce, incr hr, BP
what did Dabbs Et Al find?
higher testosterone found in violent offenders
what are some strengths of hormone theory of aggression
-supporting evidence (rodents castrated)
-human experiment (dabbs et al)
What did Milgram propose we are innately prepared to do from birth
obey as a means of survival and this is enforced through socialisation
what is agency theory
explains ppls willingness to obey authority when even when instructed to do something which may go against our conscience. Two states- autonomous where we take responsibility and agentic state where we are absolved from responsibility . switch between states happens when moral strain occurs and agentic shift alleviates discomfort.
in the cog practical what was the aim
to see if more words were recalled in a singular processing task using the phonological loop or in the dual processing task.
weaknesses of agency theory
-individual differences affect how ppl respond to authority such as personality. High authoritarianism means higher obediance- Adono proposed.
-35% of Milgrams ppts thought the machine could be fake- didnt act naturally (low validity)
STRENGTHS of agency theory
-milgram contemporary study- 65% obeyed the authority. High up on hierarchy- prestigious uni and experimenter in lab coat willing to take responsibility. When moral strain shown- encouraged to continue switch to agentic.
-Hofling Et Al- 95% nurses obeyed order from doctor (higher status) and knowingly administered deadly doses to patients.
-Milgrams odinary man- didnt perceive as high status and only 20% obediance
what was the sample of practical
20 psychology students
10m ,10f (16-17 years old )S6F students
what was the procedure of the practical
ppt given list of 20 unrelated words for 2 mins
then given inteference task of counting back from 100 in threes
then CONDITION ONE asked to recall words in silence for a minute
CONDITION TWO asked to recall words with xmas music playing
what design measure
repeated measure (same ppt for both conditions
strengths of practical
-ethical verbal consent and debrief given
-reliable: controlled conditions and procedure identically replicated for both coditions
weaknesses of practical
-psychology students-demand charecteristics
-only 20 ppl from same school- weak generalisability
what is operant conditioning
learning process where behaviours are influenced by their consequence (skinner)
positive reinforcement
reward (pleasant stimulus) to increase the likelihood of behaviour. eg pocket money for chores
negative reinforcement
removal of discomfort to encourage desired behaviour (car stops beeping when seatbelt is put on)
positive punishment
adding unpleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour (scolding a child for misbehaviour)
negative punishment
take away pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour (take away toy from child for misbehaving)
primary reinforcement
naturally rewarding stimuli eg. food and water
secondary reinforcement
stimuli that become rewarding through association with the primary reinforcer
continuous reinforcement
every time behaviour occurs is reinforced
partial reinforcement
desired behaviour is only reinforced sometimes
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement after set number of occurances (reward after ten responces)
what is behaviour modification
techniques based on operant conditioning that are used to change behaviour . Reinforcement and punishment to achieve desire behaviour
what is shaping
1-identify the desired behaviour you want to achieve
2- starting with existing behaviour start reinforcing behaviour similar to target behaviour , gradually reinforce behaviours closer and closer to target behaviour
3- continue reinforcing until target behav is consistantly performed
social learning theory
(bandura) emphasises learning through observation and imitatation.
1)observe
2)imitate
3)modelling (others can imitate)
4) vicarious reinforcement: learning through observing consequences to others behaviours
social learning stages
-attention
-retention
-reproduction
-motivation (reward or pun)
what did banduras Bobo doll experiement study
behaviour after watching adult act aggressively to bobo doll
what did banduras 1961 study find
children immitate aggressive behaviour in adults
how many were in banduras 1961 study
36 b 36 g
what is a phobia
an overwhelming and debilitating fear of an object, place situation. Anxiety disorder that negatively effects individual emotionally and physically
three causes of phobia
social learning theory
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
explaination of phobias using social learning theory
-phobias are learnt through observing others and experiencing vicarious reinforcement.
1. observe parents fearful reaction to a spider
2. see that the parents receive attention and comfort
3. child imitates the parents behaviour when encountering a spider
4. child receives positive attention, reinforcing the fear
phobia explained using operant conditioning
Negative reinforcement maintains phobias.
Avoiding phobia removes unpleasant feeling, reinforcing this avoidant behaviour.
eg ppl with social phobia avoid public situations reducing anxiety- reinforce behavior
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TO EXPLAIN PHOBIA
an neutral stimulus (spider) can become assosiated with an unconditioned stimulus leading to a conditioned response of fear
what is systematic desensitisation
teaching relaxation techniques to replace anxiety in the presence of phobia.
1. discuss and identify cause and triggers
2. relaxation techniques such as breathing and exersise
3.gradual exposure
advantages of systematic desensitization
ethical, quick , accessible online
what is flooding?
direct , prolonged exposure to phobia with no escape. realise that there is no endangerment and anxiety eventually subsides.
implosion-imagining the feared situation intensely rather than experiencing first hand
how many ppt in milgrams og study
40 m volenteers
strengths milgrams
-validity , standardised procedues, vebal prods for all ppt
-reliable, replicated across genders
-real world application- helps explain WW2
