Myths Key Terms Flashcards
Co-production
Involving all relevant people in evidence and qualitative methods to understand users’ perspectives.
Neuromyths
Misconception arising from misunderstandings of scientific evidence. Term coined in 1980s by a neurosurgeon.
Introspective method
To learn about cognitive processes we should simply ask participants about them.
Brain training
Refers to cognitive training that uses intense mental exercises to target and work on the brain’s core cognitive skills.
Differences hypothesis
That men and women are psychologically very different.
Gender similarities hypothesis
That men and women are psychologically similar on most, but not all, variables.
Flashbulb memory
Traumatic events result in flashbulb memories.
Others include:
- Death of a loved one
- “What were you doing when you found out?”
Subjective Flashbulb Experiences
- Very vivid and detailed imprint
- Will never be forgotten
- Special clarity
- High confidence in accuracy of memory
Photographic memory
The idea that you can take in a situation or piece of information, and then ‘take a photo’, and afterwards can look at it in your leisure.
Eidetic imagery
⇒ Retains original colour
⇒ Scannable
- Eidetikers have very intense imagery when eyes closed, can scan and move around it.
Intelligence
The ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.
Heritability
A population statistic (h^2) that expresses the proportion of observed differences (phenotype) that is explained by genetic (genotype) differences.
Race as a social construct
A socially constructed concept, not a biological one. It derives from people’s desire to classify.
Participatory propaganda
In order to express support, people willingly participate in false truth.
Lateral reading
To check other sources known to be credible about the item in question.
Inoculation
- Inoculation has two elements:
→ an explicit warning of an impending threat
→ a refutation of an anticipated argument that exposes the imminent fallacy
- Requires advance knowledge of how people might be misinformed.
- But does not require advance knowledge of the misinformation itself.
Forensic evidence
Evidence gathered for use in the court of law.
3 types of confessions
Voluntary, compliant, internalised.
Epistemology
Deals with the origin and limits of human knowledge; the study of how knowledge is acquired.
Positivism
Relies on empirical, objective quantitative methods to discover universal laws of human behaviour.
Post-positivism
Still grounded in the scientific method (objectivity) but includes falsifiability; theories are tested and refined
Cognitive and social psychology; findings are probabilistic and error-prone.
Constructivism
Knowledge is constructed by individuals depending on their experiences.
Critical Realism
The world exists independently of our knowledge of it, but social, cultural and cognitive factors mediated our understanding of it.
Dualism vs Interaction/monism
Dualism = The mind and body are separate
Mental and physical states are distinct.
Monism = The mind and body are not separate
Material monism- mental and physical processes are a result of brain activity.
Cultural racism
Reinforces existing power structures by the cumulative effect of favouring the views of one dominant group whilst marginalising the views of indigenous cultures.
