General Developmental Key Terms Flashcards
DevelopmentalPsychology
Thestudyofcontinuityandchangeacrossthelifespan,andithastwoprimeobjectives.Thefirstistoaccuratelydescribethesignificantpsychologicaltransitionsbetweenstatesofstabilitythatoccuroveralifetime.Thesecondistoexplainthenatureofthosechangesintermsofmechanisms.
Qualitative vs Quantitative change
Quantitative = gradual, more of the same thing eg walking pace improvement
Qualitative = abrupt, something different eg walking to running
Quantitative shape is linear, whereas qualitative more rough shape.
Heritability vs Environmentally
Heritability = the proportion of of variation in a trait explained by genetic variation. The first is contained within the genetic instruction contained in our DNA, which tell molecules how to form and organise to build our bodies.
Environmentality = the proportion of variation in a trait explained by environmental variation. Genetics place within a constantly changing environment, meaning all development also must have an external component.
Epigenesis
The idea that explains development as the interaction between genes and environment through various regulating processes such as genetic methylation.
Genotype vs Phenotype
Genotype = genetic makeup
Phenotype = trait manifestation
Rudiments of Joint Attention
Shared capacity we occupy when we engage with someone when we share our attentional focus.
Proimperative vs Protodeclarative
Proimperative - goal-oriented “Get me that”Shared with other primates.
Protodeclarative - object- or event- oriented“Wow, look at that!”Uniquely human.
Implicit and Explicit memory
Implicit = procedural memory
Explicit = Semantic and Episodic memory
Phonology, vocabulary and syntax.
Speech sounds, word knowledge, grammar.
Categorical Perception.
The inability to hear intermediate sounds between similar sounding letters.
Williams Syndrome
Linguistic functions preserved, general cognitive deficits.
Theory of Mind
“The understanding that human behaviour is guided by beliefs that may or may not be true” - Schacter et al, 2016
Others’ actions are guided by their beliefs and desires, which might differ from one’s own
the ability to attribute mental states such as beliefs,
desires, intents, emotions and knowledge to oneself and others.
False Belief
A mental state of presumed truth that turns out to be incorrect.
Forexample,Imaybelievethatmybananasareinthe fridgeeventhoughsomeonemovedthentothecupboard withouttellingme.AsIholdafalsebelief,IshouldbehaveaccordinglyandlookinthefridgewhenIwantabanana.
Goodness of fit
Extent to which environment matches up to child’s temperament.
Thomas and Chess
Social Cognition
How people process, store and apply information about other people/social situations.
