MYOPIA Flashcards
They are estimating that by 2050, Myopia will affect ____of the population.
50%
axial, benign, component, correlational, curvature, index, lenticular,
physiologic, physiological, refractive, school, simple, syndromic
Presumed Etiology
childhood, congenital, acquired, juvenile onset, youth-onset, school, adult,
early adult onset, late adult onset
Age of Onset
Progression Pattern
(pattern wherein the amount of myopia progresses)
permanently progressive, progressive, progressive high, progressive high
degenerative, stationary, temporarily progressive
Amount of Myopia
low, medium, intermediate, moderate, high, pathologic, pathological, physiologic, physiological, severe, simple
Structural Complications
degenerative, degenerative high, malignant, pathologic, pathological,
pernicious, progressive, progressive high, progressive high degenerative
- Myopia: S.E. refraction S -0.50 D when ocular accommodation is relaxed.
- High Myopia: S.E. refraction $-6.00 D when ocular accommodation is relaxed.
IMI (International Myopia institute) Recommended definitions:
Consensus and evidence-based thresholds for low myopia and high myopia
Excessive axial elongation associatedwith myopia leads to structural changes in the posterior segment of the eye (including posterior staphyloma, myopic maculopathy and high myopia-associated optic neuropathy) and that can lead to loss of best correct visual acuity
Pathologic myopia
Excessive axial elongation associated with progressive myopia that can cause structural changes in the posterior segment of the eye.
Pathologic
A refractive error in which rays of light
entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina when ocular accommodation is relaxed. This usually results from the
eyeball being too long from front to back, but can be caused by an overly curved cornea and/or a lens with increased optical power. It also is called nearsightedness.
Myopia
A myopic refractive state
iv estate primarily resulting
from a greater than normal axial length.
axial myopia
A myopic refractive state that can be
attributed to changes in the structure or location of the image forming structures of the eye, i.e. the cornea and lens.
Refractive Myopia
A myopic refractive state for which a single, specific cause (e.g., drug, corneal disease or systemic clinical syndrome) can be identified that is not a recognized population risk factor for myopia development.
Secondary Myopia
“A refractive state of an eye of $ +0.75 D and > -0.50 D in children where a combination of baseline refraction, age, and other quantifiable risk factors provide a sufficient likelihood of the future development of myopia to merit preventative interventions.”
Pre-myopia
in _______ definition, hyperopia amount is included because it is the stage where children goes thru “premyopia” period. Eventually, they will lose that hyperopia refracrtion and gain myopia as they grow older.
Pre-myopia
Excessive axial elongation associated with myopia that leads to structural changes in the posterior segment of the eye (including posterior staphyloma, myopic maculopathy, and high myopia associated optic neuropathy) and that can lead to loss of best-corrected visual acuity.
Pathologic Myopia
A vision-threatening condition occurring in people with myopia, usually high myopia that comprises diffuse or patchy macular atrophy with or without lacquer cracks, macular
Bruch’s membrane defects, CNV and Fuchs spot.
Myopic Macular Degeneration (MMD)
Diagnosis subdivisions of MMD
Myopic Maculopathy
Category 0: no myopic retinal degenerative lesion.
Category I: tessellated fundus.
Category 2: diffuse chorioretinal atrophy.
Category 3: patchy chorioretinal atrophy.
Category 4: macular atrophy.
“Plus” features (can be applied to any category): lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularization, and Fuchs spot.
A person who has vision impairment and vision acuity that is not improved by pinhole which cannot be attributed to other causes, and:
* The direct ophthalmoscopy records a supplementary lens < -5.00 D and shows
changes such as “patchy atrophy” in the retina or,
* The direct ophthalmoscopy records a supplementary lens < -10.00 D.
Presumed myopic macular degeneration
A combination of macular retinoschisis, lamellar macular hole and/or foveal retinal detachment (FRD) in eyes with high myopic attributable to traction forces arising from
adherent vitreous cortex, epiretinal membrane, internal limiting membrane, retinal vessels, and posterior staphyloma.
Specific Clinical conditions characteristic of pathologic myopia
Myopic Traction Maculopathy
Optic neuropathy characterized by a loss of neuroretinal rim and enlargement of the optic cup, occurring in eyes with high myopia eyes with a secondary macrodise or peripapillary delta zone at a normal IOP.
Myopia-associated glaucoma- like optic neuropathy
Category 0: no myopic retinal degenerative lesion.
Category 1: tessellated fundus.
Category 2: diffuse chorioretinal atrophy.
Category 3: patchy chorioretinal atrophy.
Category 4: macular atrophy.
“Plus” features (can be applied to any category): lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularization, and Fuchs spot.
Diagnostic Subdivisions of MMD
Myopic Maculopathy
The fundus has some stretchings/stretches. The fundus fiels is becoming very rough already. There are also patches seen.
Category 2: Diffuse Atrophy
Patchy atrophy in the fundus.
Category 3: Patchy Atrophy
