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contact lens > history > Flashcards

history Flashcards

1
Q

the first to describe a ‘contact’ lens.

A

LEONARDO DA VINCI

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2
Q

original translation of his manuscript (called _______, held at the Bibliotheque Mazarine of the Institute de France)

A

MANUSCRIPT D

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3
Q

describes the neutralization of the cornea by water and the mechanism of image formation at the optic nerve

A

LEONARDO DA VINCI

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4
Q

what did Leonardo Da Vinci sketch

A

SCHEMATIC EYE

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5
Q

Describes the mechanism of image formation from the cornea to the optic nerve

A

LEONARDO DA VINCI

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6
Q

what is the idea of schematic eye the sketch?

A

there must be something that can come contact with the eyeball and cornea so that it “corrects the power of the cornea.”

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7
Q

wrote ‘La Dioptrique’ in 1637.

A

RENE DESCARTES

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8
Q

Sketched an elongated tube filled with water placed against an eyeball

A

RENE DESCARTES

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9
Q

understood that better vision could be achieved by enlarging the size of the retinal image

A

RENE DESCARTES

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10
Q

Demonstated the principle of the telescope, not the contact lens

A

RENE DESCARTES

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11
Q

René Descarte’s water-filled tube used to demonstrate the principle of the telescope by enlarging the retinal image

A

HYDRODIASCOPE

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12
Q

often wrongly credited as being the first to design a contact lens.

A

PHILIP DE LA HIRE

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13
Q

Attempted to show how various optical phenomena in myopes were corrected with spectacle glasses applied to the cornea

A

PHILIP DE LA HIRE

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14
Q

Used a water filled tube to study the accommodative process

A

THOMAS YOUNG

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15
Q

His experiments proved that the cornea played no part in the accommodative process.

A

THOMAS YOUNG

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16
Q

He was part of the theory of accommodation.

A

THOMAS YOUNG

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17
Q

was interested in the correction of corneal astigmatism by a spectacle lens

A

SIR JOHN HERSCHEL

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18
Q

an English astronomer

A

SIR JOHN HERSCHEL

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19
Q

First to describe the concept of cosmetic lenses

A

SIR JOHN HERSCHEL

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20
Q

“Father of contact lenses”.

A

SIR JOHN HERSCHEL

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21
Q

Discussed the correction of irregular cornea

A

SIR JOHN HERSCHEL

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22
Q

Sir John Herschel statement about the correction of irregular cornea

A

“applying in contact with the surface of the eye some transparent animal jelly contained in a spherical capsule of glass; or whether an actual mold of the cornea might not be taken and impressed on some transparent medium”

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23
Q

correction of irregular cornea by Sir John Herschel (5)

A

● Need to correct irregular cornea.
● Contact with the eye.
● Getting eye impressions
● Need for a transparent medium.
● Combining a soft material with a rigid overlying material

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24
Q

Possibly the first to suggest use of a therapeutic contact appliance

A

WILLIAM WHITE COOPER

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25
Q

Recommended the insertion of a ‘glass mask’ filling the fornices, to prevent formation of symblepharon following lime burns of the eye.

A

WILLIAM WHITE COOPER

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26
Q

William White Cooper recommended the insertion of a _______ filling the fornices, to prevent formation of symblepharon following lime burns of the eye.

A

GLASS MASK

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27
Q

William White Cooper recommended the insertion of a “glass mask” filling the fornices, to prevent formation of _______ following lime burns of the eye.

A

SYMBLEPHARON

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28
Q

William White Cooper recommended the insertion of a “glass mask” filling the fornices, to prevent formation of _______ following lime burns of the eye.

A

SYMBLEPHARON

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29
Q

Suggested insertion of big round masks so that lids won’t attach to each other during chemical burns.

A

WILLIAM WHITE COOPER

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30
Q

First person to apply a therapeutic CL.

A

XAVIER GALEZOWSKI

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31
Q

Scientist to use gelatin square soaked in mercury chloride.

A

XAVIER GALEZOWSKI

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32
Q

introduced the first drug delivery system using the eye.

A

XAVIER GALEZOWSKI

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33
Q

scientist born in Germany in 1852

A

ADOLF E FICK

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34
Q

specialized in ophthalmology

A

ADOLF E FICK

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35
Q

attempted to develop a contact lens corrective device with rabbits

A

ADOLF E FICK

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36
Q

Observations of Adolf Fick

A

● Corneal clouding
● Conjunctival and limbal injection.

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37
Q

Scientist to first observe Precorneal space and filled with 2% glucose

A

ADOLF E FICK

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38
Q

First published paper on a practical clinical attempt to correct visual problems.

A

ADOLF E FICK

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38
Q

Glass ‘contactbrillen’ on irregular corneal surfaces.

A

ADOLF E FICK

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39
Q

Shells were fitted to six patients with highly irregular corneal surface due to scarring.

A

ADOLF E FICK

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40
Q

cornea is very steep (here, they kind of burn it that leads to scarring)

A

KERATOCONUS

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40
Q

german for Contact lens

A

‘contactbrillen’

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41
Q

Treatment of keratoconus consisted of

A

cauterization of the corneal cone. (painful)

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42
Q

1880 treatment of _____includes silver nitrate & instillation of miotics. accompanied by the application of pressure dressings.

A

KERATOCONUS

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43
Q

Replaced the pressure dressings with a glass shell.

A

EUGENE KALT

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44
Q

according to _______, there is a marked improvement in v/a of patient.

A

EUGENE KALT

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45
Q

He devised the first CL for keratoconus.

A

EUGENE KALT

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46
Q

glass shell having same curvature as the cornea was a theory of:

A

EUGENE KALT

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47
Q

Experienced and described subjective and objective signs of corneal oedema. (because the material back then was still glass)

A

AUGUST MÜLLER

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48
Q

He discovered that as the cornea gets steeper, one must increase the prescription.

A

AUGUST MÜLLER

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49
Q

Noted that a steeper corneal radius needed a larger dioptric correction which he attributed to the lacrimal meniscus

A

AUGUST MÜLLER

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50
Q

This also means CONTACT LENS according to August Müller

A

Hornhautlinsen

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51
Q

other term for corneal lens.

A

Hornhautlinsen’

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52
Q

Observed that tears had a metabolic function.

A

DE SULZER

53
Q

He made a contact lens with the following Shell Parameters:
- Diameter = 14.00 - 15.50 mm
- Corneal radius = 8.00 mm
- Scleral radius = 12.00 mm

A

DE SULZER

54
Q

Observed that a ‘fluid lens’ acted as an artificial refracting medium

A

DE SULZER

55
Q

Made unsuccessful attempts to take molds of living eyes.

A

DE SULZER

56
Q

tears in between the cornea and the contact lens

A

Fluid lens

57
Q

First to replace the glucose solution used by Fick with normal saline.

A

HENRY H DOR

58
Q

this substance had the same tonicity as the tears

A

normal saline

59
Q

This greatly reduced the effects of corneal oedema.

A

normal saline

60
Q
A

THOMAS LOHNSTEIN

61
Q

Thomas lohnstein Cups could be worn for

A

1-1.5 hours

62
Q

Produced a spectacle with saline-filled lens cups – “water spectacles”

A

THOMAS LOHNSTEIN

63
Q

Has Bilateral keratoconus

A

THOMAS LOHNSTEIN

64
Q

Thomas lohnstein produced a spectacle with saline-filled lens cups – also known as

A

“water spectacles”

65
Q

spectacle with saline-filled lens cups

A

hydrodiascope

66
Q

Elschnig’ criticisms of Fick:

A

o CLs only usable in primary position
o difficult to manufacture
o didfficult to insert
o cause mechanical irritation
o only be used with greatest prudence and reservation

67
Q

Artificial eye makers in Wiesbaden, Germany.

A

Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller

68
Q

they fitted a protective glass shell to the eye of a patient who had a partial lid removal.

A

Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller

69
Q

They made lenses from blown glass: Very regular curvature, no sharp edges at the corneo-scleral junction.

A

Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller

70
Q

Designed a lens for ptosis correction.

A

Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller

71
Q

this is generally better tolerated than lathe cut lenses (Zeiss → but better optics)

A

blown glass

72
Q

produced a fitting set used to correct keratoconus.
● First commercially available trial lenses
● Complete trial set contained 21 lenses.

A

CARL ZEISS

73
Q

Carl Zeiss fitting determined by ____ and _____ because the only available material before was glass.

A

fluorescein and white light

74
Q

Trial lenses by Carl Zeiss were lathe-cut from _____ and gave better optical performance

A

molds

75
Q

Parameters of first trial lens set:

A
  • Diameter = 20.00 mm
  • Corneal radius = 6.50, 7.10, 8.10 and 9.00 mm
  • Scleral radius = 12.00 mm
76
Q

Parameters of complete trial lens set:

A
  • Diameter = 20.00 mm
  • Corneal radius = 5.00, 6.00, 7.00, 8.00, 9.00, 10.00 and 11.00 mm
  • Scleral radius = 11.00, 12.00 and 13.00 mm
77
Q

The trial lens set of Carl Zeiss looks like there are two sphere each circle: Middle sphere and outer sphere
Middle sphere: _____
Outer sphere: ____

A

Middle sphere: Diameter
Outer sphere: Scleral radius

78
Q

Improved the Zeiss lens by enlarging the series of trial lenses.

A

LEOPOLD HEINE

79
Q

Used a supplementary curve between the corneal and scleral component.

A

LEOPOLD HEINE

80
Q

Observed that scleral lenses with more movement were better tolerated.

A

JOSEPH DALLOS

81
Q

He emphasized the need for a pre-corneal separation to allow better movement and circulation of lacrimal fluid.

A

JOSEPH DALLOS

82
Q

Suspected that tear flow behind the lens was very important.

A

JOSEPH DALLOS

83
Q

Added a supplementary limbal curve and fenestrations (hole).

A

JOSEPH DALLOS

84
Q

_____ or hole is for the exchange of tears to prevent corneal oedema.

A

Fenestrations

85
Q

Entered into a partnership with Donald L Golden which pioneered the use of PMMA for corneal contact lenses

A

Müller-Welt Contact Linsen Firm

86
Q

Opened a contact lens manufacturing laboratory in Toronto and Detroit

A

Müller-Welt Contact Linsen Firm

87
Q

established in 1947 in Stuttgart by Adolf Müller-Welt

A

Müller-Welt Contact Linsen Firm

88
Q

A system of stock lenses was developed by Müller-Welt. He used this to fit patients in different cities in Germany and Austria by carrying a large supply of_____

A

scleral contact lenses.

89
Q

It is a soft and rubber-like that can be used as SCL material.

Used in the US (1936) for the aviation industry.

Material used in airplanes

A

PLEXIGLASS

90
Q

Produced an acrylic resin (called Plexiglass) for the aviation industry.

A

RÖHM & HAAS

91
Q

Developed and patented the material poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

A

J CRAWFORD & R HILL

92
Q

transparent in latin

A

perspex

93
Q

PMMA Advantages:

A

● Low specific gravity: mean lighter lenses. Therefore less prone to riding low on the eye.
● Ease of manufacture, allowing
o thinner designs to be produced
o Lens modification by optometrists in their own practices: you can modify the lens by its radius of curvature of the Px.

94
Q

(1936) - hybrid CL consisting of glass corneal portion and a translucent plastic scleral skirt

A

William Feinbloom

95
Q

(1938) - total plastic CL; discovered the effect of the lens tear layer which altered the prescribed power of lens

A

Ernest Mullen

96
Q

(1938) - plastic (scleral flange) in a CL; attributed as the discoverer of the use of fluorescein and cobalt blue light; comfort determined success in wearing CL

A

Theodore Obrig

97
Q

(1938) - claimed to have identified Plexiglas as a suitable CL material

A

Istvan Gyorrfy

98
Q

Other name for scleral contact lens:

A

Haptic CL

99
Q

Made the first set of PMMA corneal CL (not scleral; he modified the design into a smaller one) but got rejected.

A

DENNIS C ENGLAND

100
Q

A prime requirement so that there would be an exchange of tears to avoid swelling. For Scleral/Haptic CL, the lens reaches until the sclera allowing the flow of tears to stuck.

A

Corneal clearance

101
Q

● Lens was patented as the first corneal contact lens.
● First lens produced was approximately 11 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm thick.

A

KEVIN M TUOHY

102
Q
  • peripheral curve designed to keep the upper edge of the lens from impinging on the sclera
A

“Scleral Flange”

103
Q

● Synthesised a hydrogel material that was compatible with the body.
● PHEMA (poly-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) - a stable transparent gel which is a water-absorbing polymer

A

OTTO WICHTERLE AND DRASHOSLAV LIM

104
Q

● First lenses fitted to human eyes in 1956 but were unsuccessful due to:

A

heavy weight and fragility.

105
Q

● Wichterle and his wife continued their research and succeeded in spin casting ‘four very good lenses’ (using the HEMA material now for the ____)

● Patented technique in 1961

A

hydrogel

106
Q

National Patent Development Corporation and Dr Robert Morrison bought spin-casting patent rights - 1964
● Bausch and Lomb (big company in the field of lenses, frames, optical devices) acquired license to manufacture spin-cast lenses – 1966
● US FDA classified soft contact lens as a ‘drug’ - 1968
● Bausch and Lomb obtained FDA approval to market Soflens – 1971

A

SOFT CONTACT LENS DEVELOPMENT

107
Q

name of the soft contact lens product

A

soflens 1971

108
Q

commenced his silicone elastomer contact lens patent - 1956

A

Walter Becker

109
Q

received FDA approval for silicone in 1981.

A

Dow Corning

110
Q

Pioneered the development of continuous wear soft contact lenses

Developed Permalens™

A

JOHN DE CARLE

111
Q

Continuous wear= extended wear CL

A

permalens

112
Q

Rapid developments in soft contact lens design and manufacturing

A

1970’s

113
Q

Made scleral shells from cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)

A

J TEISSLER

114
Q

precursor material of RGP.

cellulose acetate butyrate

first gas permeable lenses
poor optical quality

A

CAB

115
Q

These are the persons who fine tune the first RGP Lens.

A

NORMAN GAYLORD AND LEONARD SEIDNER

116
Q

The First Rigid Gas Permeable Lens
● Silicone acrylate

A

polycon

made of silicone acrylate

117
Q

RGP CL: ‘Polycon’ and got it patented in 1972 by

A

Norman Gaylord.

118
Q

● They jumped into the business of RGP joining Norman and Leonard. They all contributed to the development of RGP.
● Among 5 of them, Leonard was called the father of RGP.

A

NORMAN O STAHL, LEON A REICH AND EDWARD IVANI

119
Q

Father of the Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lens

A

Leonard Seidner

120
Q

Developed collagen contact lenses

A

ORLANDO BATTISTA

121
Q

● Developed Danalens™ as the first commercially available disposable lens.
● In 1984, the Dana disposable lens from Denmark was purchased by Vistakon.

A

MICHAEL BAY

122
Q

Conceived the concept of throwaway or disposable lenses.

A

ORLANDO BATTISTA

123
Q

released the Acuvue lens on a limited basis in the USA

A

Vistakon

124
Q

DISPOSABLE LENSES

A

acuvue
seequence
NewVues

125
Q

Uses the automated continuous-flow process technique’

A

Vistakon

126
Q

______called Haptic lenses. It reaches until the sclera that is why it is also called Scleral CL.

A

GLASS

127
Q

_____although glass is okay when it comes to optical property/quality since it is very clear, it causes a lot of problems to Pxs. There’s corneal swelling because there’s a lack of exchange in oxygen so they invented HEMA.

A

HEMA

128
Q

_____ they designed a lighter material called PMMA. Plastic. Still encountered problems since the cornea cannot breath with this. So they did a fenestration (hole) in the CL so that there would be fair exchange of oxygen.

A

PMMA

129
Q

____ the material that is still being used today.

A

PHEMA

130
Q

____allows oxygen to pass through although it is hard CL.

A

RGP

131
Q

_______ A lot are still uncomfortable with RGP so silicone hydrogel was developed.

A

SILICONE HYDROGEL

contact lens (4 decks)

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