history Flashcards
1
Q
the first to describe a ‘contact’ lens.
A
LEONARDO DA VINCI
2
Q
original translation of his manuscript (called _______, held at the Bibliotheque Mazarine of the Institute de France)
A
MANUSCRIPT D
3
Q
describes the neutralization of the cornea by water and the mechanism of image formation at the optic nerve
A
LEONARDO DA VINCI
4
Q
what did Leonardo Da Vinci sketch
A
SCHEMATIC EYE
5
Q
Describes the mechanism of image formation from the cornea to the optic nerve
A
LEONARDO DA VINCI
6
Q
what is the idea of schematic eye the sketch?
A
there must be something that can come contact with the eyeball and cornea so that it “corrects the power of the cornea.”
7
Q
wrote ‘La Dioptrique’ in 1637.
A
RENE DESCARTES
8
Q
Sketched an elongated tube filled with water placed against an eyeball
A
RENE DESCARTES
9
Q
understood that better vision could be achieved by enlarging the size of the retinal image
A
RENE DESCARTES
10
Q
Demonstated the principle of the telescope, not the contact lens
A
RENE DESCARTES
11
Q
René Descarte’s water-filled tube used to demonstrate the principle of the telescope by enlarging the retinal image
A
HYDRODIASCOPE
12
Q
often wrongly credited as being the first to design a contact lens.
A
PHILIP DE LA HIRE
13
Q
Attempted to show how various optical phenomena in myopes were corrected with spectacle glasses applied to the cornea
A
PHILIP DE LA HIRE
14
Q
Used a water filled tube to study the accommodative process
A
THOMAS YOUNG
15
Q
His experiments proved that the cornea played no part in the accommodative process.
A
THOMAS YOUNG
16
Q
He was part of the theory of accommodation.
A
THOMAS YOUNG
17
Q
was interested in the correction of corneal astigmatism by a spectacle lens
A
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
18
Q
an English astronomer
A
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
19
Q
First to describe the concept of cosmetic lenses
A
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
20
Q
“Father of contact lenses”.
A
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
21
Q
Discussed the correction of irregular cornea
A
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
22
Q
Sir John Herschel statement about the correction of irregular cornea
A
“applying in contact with the surface of the eye some transparent animal jelly contained in a spherical capsule of glass; or whether an actual mold of the cornea might not be taken and impressed on some transparent medium”
23
Q
correction of irregular cornea by Sir John Herschel (5)
A
● Need to correct irregular cornea.
● Contact with the eye.
● Getting eye impressions
● Need for a transparent medium.
● Combining a soft material with a rigid overlying material
24
Q
Possibly the first to suggest use of a therapeutic contact appliance
A
WILLIAM WHITE COOPER
25
Recommended the insertion of a ‘glass mask’ filling the fornices, to prevent formation of symblepharon following lime burns of the eye.
WILLIAM WHITE COOPER
26
William White Cooper recommended the insertion of a _______ filling the fornices, to prevent formation of symblepharon following lime burns of the eye.
GLASS MASK
27
William White Cooper recommended the insertion of a "glass mask" filling the fornices, to prevent formation of _______ following lime burns of the eye.
SYMBLEPHARON
28
William White Cooper recommended the insertion of a "glass mask" filling the fornices, to prevent formation of _______ following lime burns of the eye.
SYMBLEPHARON
29
Suggested insertion of big round masks so that lids won’t attach to each other during chemical burns.
WILLIAM WHITE COOPER
30
First person to apply a therapeutic CL.
XAVIER GALEZOWSKI
31
Scientist to use gelatin square soaked in mercury chloride.
XAVIER GALEZOWSKI
32
introduced the first drug delivery system using the eye.
XAVIER GALEZOWSKI
33
scientist born in Germany in 1852
ADOLF E FICK
34
specialized in ophthalmology
ADOLF E FICK
35
attempted to develop a contact lens corrective device with rabbits
ADOLF E FICK
36
Observations of Adolf Fick
● Corneal clouding
● Conjunctival and limbal injection.
37
Scientist to first observe Precorneal space and filled with 2% glucose
ADOLF E FICK
38
First published paper on a practical clinical attempt to correct visual problems.
ADOLF E FICK
38
Glass ‘contactbrillen’ on irregular corneal surfaces.
ADOLF E FICK
39
Shells were fitted to six patients with highly irregular corneal surface due to scarring.
ADOLF E FICK
40
cornea is very steep (here, they kind of burn it that leads to scarring)
KERATOCONUS
40
german for Contact lens
‘contactbrillen’
41
Treatment of keratoconus consisted of
cauterization of the corneal cone. (painful)
42
1880 treatment of _____includes silver nitrate & instillation of miotics. accompanied by the application of pressure dressings.
KERATOCONUS
43
Replaced the pressure dressings with a glass shell.
EUGENE KALT
44
according to _______, there is a marked improvement in v/a of patient.
EUGENE KALT
45
He devised the first CL for keratoconus.
EUGENE KALT
46
glass shell having same curvature as the cornea was a theory of:
EUGENE KALT
47
Experienced and described subjective and objective signs of corneal oedema. (because the material back then was still glass)
AUGUST MÜLLER
48
He discovered that as the cornea gets steeper, one must increase the prescription.
AUGUST MÜLLER
49
Noted that a steeper corneal radius needed a larger dioptric correction which he attributed to the lacrimal meniscus
AUGUST MÜLLER
50
This also means CONTACT LENS according to August Müller
Hornhautlinsen
51
other term for corneal lens.
Hornhautlinsen’
52
Observed that tears had a metabolic function.
DE SULZER
53
He made a contact lens with the following Shell Parameters:
- Diameter = 14.00 - 15.50 mm
- Corneal radius = 8.00 mm
- Scleral radius = 12.00 mm
DE SULZER
54
Observed that a ‘fluid lens’ acted as an artificial refracting medium
DE SULZER
55
Made unsuccessful attempts to take molds of living eyes.
DE SULZER
56
tears in between the cornea and the contact lens
Fluid lens
57
First to replace the glucose solution used by Fick with normal saline.
HENRY H DOR
58
this substance had the same tonicity as the tears
normal saline
59
This greatly reduced the effects of corneal oedema.
normal saline
60
THOMAS LOHNSTEIN
61
Thomas lohnstein Cups could be worn for
1-1.5 hours
62
Produced a spectacle with saline-filled lens cups – “water spectacles”
THOMAS LOHNSTEIN
63
Has Bilateral keratoconus
THOMAS LOHNSTEIN
64
Thomas lohnstein produced a spectacle with saline-filled lens cups – also known as
“water spectacles”
65
spectacle with saline-filled lens cups
hydrodiascope
66
Elschnig’ criticisms of Fick:
o CLs only usable in primary position
o difficult to manufacture
o didfficult to insert
o cause mechanical irritation
o only be used with greatest prudence and reservation
67
Artificial eye makers in Wiesbaden, Germany.
Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller
68
they fitted a protective glass shell to the eye of a patient who had a partial lid removal.
Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller
69
They made lenses from blown glass: Very regular curvature, no sharp edges at the corneo-scleral junction.
Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller
70
Designed a lens for ptosis correction.
Friedrich Anton Müller and Albert Carl Müller
71
this is generally better tolerated than lathe cut lenses (Zeiss → but better optics)
blown glass
72
produced a fitting set used to correct keratoconus.
● First commercially available trial lenses
● Complete trial set contained 21 lenses.
CARL ZEISS
73
Carl Zeiss fitting determined by ____ and _____ because the only available material before was glass.
fluorescein and white light
74
Trial lenses by Carl Zeiss were lathe-cut from _____ and gave better optical performance
molds
75
Parameters of first trial lens set:
- Diameter = 20.00 mm
- Corneal radius = 6.50, 7.10, 8.10 and 9.00 mm
- Scleral radius = 12.00 mm
76
Parameters of complete trial lens set:
- Diameter = 20.00 mm
- Corneal radius = 5.00, 6.00, 7.00, 8.00, 9.00, 10.00 and 11.00 mm
- Scleral radius = 11.00, 12.00 and 13.00 mm
77
The trial lens set of Carl Zeiss looks like there are two sphere each circle: Middle sphere and outer sphere
Middle sphere: _____
Outer sphere: ____
Middle sphere: Diameter
Outer sphere: Scleral radius
78
Improved the Zeiss lens by enlarging the series of trial lenses.
LEOPOLD HEINE
79
Used a supplementary curve between the corneal and scleral component.
LEOPOLD HEINE
80
Observed that scleral lenses with more movement were better tolerated.
JOSEPH DALLOS
81
He emphasized the need for a pre-corneal separation to allow better movement and circulation of lacrimal fluid.
JOSEPH DALLOS
82
Suspected that tear flow behind the lens was very important.
JOSEPH DALLOS
83
Added a supplementary limbal curve and fenestrations (hole).
JOSEPH DALLOS
84
_____ or hole is for the exchange of tears to prevent corneal oedema.
Fenestrations
85
Entered into a partnership with Donald L Golden which pioneered the use of PMMA for corneal contact lenses
Müller-Welt Contact Linsen Firm
86
Opened a contact lens manufacturing laboratory in Toronto and Detroit
Müller-Welt Contact Linsen Firm
87
established in 1947 in Stuttgart by Adolf Müller-Welt
Müller-Welt Contact Linsen Firm
88
A system of stock lenses was developed by Müller-Welt. He used this to fit patients in different cities in Germany and Austria by carrying a large supply of_____
scleral contact lenses.
89
It is a soft and rubber-like that can be used as SCL material.
Used in the US (1936) for the aviation industry.
Material used in airplanes
PLEXIGLASS
90
Produced an acrylic resin (called Plexiglass) for the aviation industry.
RÖHM & HAAS
91
Developed and patented the material poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
J CRAWFORD & R HILL
92
transparent in latin
perspex
93
PMMA Advantages:
● Low specific gravity: mean lighter lenses. Therefore less prone to riding low on the eye.
● Ease of manufacture, allowing
o thinner designs to be produced
o Lens modification by optometrists in their own practices: you can modify the lens by its radius of curvature of the Px.
94
(1936) - hybrid CL consisting of glass corneal portion and a translucent plastic scleral skirt
William Feinbloom
95
(1938) - total plastic CL; discovered the effect of the lens tear layer which altered the prescribed power of lens
Ernest Mullen
96
(1938) - plastic (scleral flange) in a CL; attributed as the discoverer of the use of fluorescein and cobalt blue light; comfort determined success in wearing CL
Theodore Obrig
97
(1938) - claimed to have identified Plexiglas as a suitable CL material
Istvan Gyorrfy
98
Other name for scleral contact lens:
Haptic CL
99
Made the first set of PMMA corneal CL (not scleral; he modified the design into a smaller one) but got rejected.
DENNIS C ENGLAND
100
A prime requirement so that there would be an exchange of tears to avoid swelling. For Scleral/Haptic CL, the lens reaches until the sclera allowing the flow of tears to stuck.
Corneal clearance
101
● Lens was patented as the first corneal contact lens.
● First lens produced was approximately 11 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm thick.
KEVIN M TUOHY
102
- peripheral curve designed to keep the upper edge of the lens from impinging on the sclera
“Scleral Flange”
103
● Synthesised a hydrogel material that was compatible with the body.
● PHEMA (poly-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) - a stable transparent gel which is a water-absorbing polymer
OTTO WICHTERLE AND DRASHOSLAV LIM
104
● First lenses fitted to human eyes in 1956 but were unsuccessful due to:
heavy weight and fragility.
105
● Wichterle and his wife continued their research and succeeded in spin casting ‘four very good lenses’ (using the HEMA material now for the ____)
● Patented technique in 1961
hydrogel
106
National Patent Development Corporation and Dr Robert Morrison bought spin-casting patent rights - 1964
● Bausch and Lomb (big company in the field of lenses, frames, optical devices) acquired license to manufacture spin-cast lenses – 1966
● US FDA classified soft contact lens as a ‘drug’ - 1968
● Bausch and Lomb obtained FDA approval to market Soflens – 1971
SOFT CONTACT LENS DEVELOPMENT
107
name of the soft contact lens product
soflens 1971
108
commenced his silicone elastomer contact lens patent - 1956
Walter Becker
109
received FDA approval for silicone in 1981.
Dow Corning
110
Pioneered the development of continuous wear soft contact lenses
Developed Permalens™
JOHN DE CARLE
111
Continuous wear= extended wear CL
permalens
112
Rapid developments in soft contact lens design and manufacturing
1970’s
113
Made scleral shells from cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)
J TEISSLER
114
precursor material of RGP.
cellulose acetate butyrate
first gas permeable lenses
poor optical quality
CAB
115
These are the persons who fine tune the first RGP Lens.
NORMAN GAYLORD AND LEONARD SEIDNER
116
The First Rigid Gas Permeable Lens
● Silicone acrylate
polycon
made of silicone acrylate
117
RGP CL: ‘Polycon’ and got it patented in 1972 by
Norman Gaylord.
118
● They jumped into the business of RGP joining Norman and Leonard. They all contributed to the development of RGP.
● Among 5 of them, Leonard was called the father of RGP.
NORMAN O STAHL, LEON A REICH AND EDWARD IVANI
119
Father of the Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lens
Leonard Seidner
120
Developed collagen contact lenses
ORLANDO BATTISTA
121
● Developed Danalens™ as the first commercially available disposable lens.
● In 1984, the Dana disposable lens from Denmark was purchased by Vistakon.
MICHAEL BAY
122
Conceived the concept of throwaway or disposable lenses.
ORLANDO BATTISTA
123
released the Acuvue lens on a limited basis in the USA
Vistakon
124
DISPOSABLE LENSES
acuvue
seequence
NewVues
125
Uses the automated continuous-flow process technique’
Vistakon
126
______called Haptic lenses. It reaches until the sclera that is why it is also called Scleral CL.
GLASS
127
_____although glass is okay when it comes to optical property/quality since it is very clear, it causes a lot of problems to Pxs. There’s corneal swelling because there's a lack of exchange in oxygen so they invented HEMA.
HEMA
128
_____ they designed a lighter material called PMMA. Plastic. Still encountered problems since the cornea cannot breath with this. So they did a fenestration (hole) in the CL so that there would be fair exchange of oxygen.
PMMA
129
____ the material that is still being used today.
PHEMA
130
____allows oxygen to pass through although it is hard CL.
RGP
131
_______ A lot are still uncomfortable with RGP so silicone hydrogel was developed.
SILICONE HYDROGEL
