Myeloid cell subsets Flashcards
How do the myeloid cells arise?
Functions of myeloid cells?
Eliminate non-self pathogen
Tissue repair
Homeostasis
Most of the cells from the innate system = _____ cells
myeloid
- Innate immune system [vs. adaptive immune system e.g., lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells]
- _____ response to pathogen/infection or tissue disruption/injury
- Lacks _____
- Functions _____ with adaptive immune cells
- Myeloid Cells Provide the First Initial _________________\_
- Recognizes _______patterns (not _______ antigens) expressed on microorganisms but not self (the body)
- Innate immune system [vs. adaptive immune system e.g., lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells]
- Rapid response to pathogen/infection or tissue disruption/injury
- Lacks memory
- Functions linked with adaptive immune cells
- Myeloid Cells Provide the First Initial Discrimination Between Self and Nonself
- Recognizes broad patterns (not specific antigens) expressed on microorganisms but not self (the body)
Myeloid cells respond to “danger signals” via ________.
What are these danger signals?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
Which myeloid cells are granulocytes?
Granulocytes (Granule containing)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Mast Cells
Why myeloid cells are phagocytes?
Phagocytes (“Eat”)
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
Characterize Neutrophils
- proportion of WBCs
- lifespan
- function
Describe the trajectory of a neutrophil
What signals initiate the inflammatory process and neutrophil entry into tissue?
Where do macrophages come from if neutrophils are the “first on the scene”?
Tissue-resident macrophages act as sentinels and are in tissue prior to inflammation
Describe how leukocytes “roll” and extravasate
What happens when there’s Leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency - Recurrent bacterial infection and larger number of neutrophils in circulation
Effector function of neutrophils (see diagram)
How do neutrophils kill pathogens?
Besides killing pathogens, what are other neutrophil functions?
What are Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?
Neutrophils Can Make Extracellular Chromatin Structures Known as Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
What’s the difference between monocytes and macrophages?
Monocytes circulate in the blood and through chemotaxis are recruited and enter site of injury/infection.
When monocytes mature into macrophages:
- Enlarges
- Greater phagocytosis
- Upregulates antigen presentation
What are the important functions of macrophages in innate and adaptive immunity
What is the binary model of macrophage activation?
What is the spectrum/gradient model for macrophage activation?
M1/M2 Model for Defining Macrophages Only Describes the Extremes of a Continuum That Rarely Occur In Vivo
M1 and M2 macrophages are involved in what other pathologic processes?
What local and systemic effects of macrophages?
ALL ________ cells can express MHC class I (presents antigen to CD8+ T cells) but only SOME express ________ (presents antigen to CD4+ T cells)
ALL nucleated cells can express MHC class I (presents antigen to CD8+ T cells) but only SOME express MHC class II (presents antigen to CD4+ T cells)
Usually Macrophages Can Present Antigens to T Cells for what reason?
Usually Only to Induce Activation of Macrophage and Pathogen Killing
Where are there tissue-resident macrophages?
What are differences between neutrophils and macrophages?
Macrophages and Neutrophils Are Involved in which Inflammatory Diseases?
- Chronic infection
- Obesity
- Atherosclerosis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Diabetes
What are MDSCs?
Immature myeloid cells and neutrophil “like” cells called myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress T cells and anti-tumor immunity
Which cell helps bridge innate and adaptive immunity?
Dendritic Cells Bridge Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Characterize DCs
What are the types of DCs?
Describe the DC activation process and trafficking to LNs.
Different effects of engulfing debris for macrophages and DCs.
Different types of conventional DCs
Characterize eosinophils
Characterize mast cells
Characterize Basophils
How does degranulation occur from mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils?
Cross-Linking of IgE Antibodies Bound to Antigen Induce Degranulation
How do we identify myeloid subsets?
Flow cytometry
Some populations e.g. MDSC require “functional” assays for ID
