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Neuro Block 1 > Myelin Nuero > Flashcards

Myelin Nuero Flashcards

1
Q

MYELIN

A

HIGH conduction velocity —> transmited down axons —> saltatory conduction of action potencial at the NODES OF RANVIER => are HIGH concentrations of Na channels

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2
Q

MYELIN IN CNS ( including CN II) synthesized by ______

A

Oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

MYELIN IN PNS ( including CN III-XII) synthesized by _______

A

Schwann cells

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4
Q

MYELIN _____ and _______ axons

A

MYELIN wraps and insulates axons

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5
Q

membrane capacitance

A

LOW (decrease)

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6
Q

Membrane resistance

A

HIGH (increase)

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7
Q

SPACE CONSTANT (length)

A

HIGH (increase)

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8
Q

Time constant

A

LOW (decrease)

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9
Q

Schwann cells promotes _______ and are derived from _______

A

axonal regeneration / neural crest

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10
Q

Each Schwann (“Shwone”) cell myelinated only _____ PNS axon

A

1 (one)

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11
Q

Schwann are injured in ____________ syndrome

A

Guillain-Barre

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12
Q

Schwann cell marker is ______

A

S100

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13
Q

Anatomy of Schwann cells

A

Nucleus , Schwann cell , Myelin sheath and Node of Ranvier

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14
Q

Anatomy of Oligodendrocytes

A

Node of Ranvier, Axon and Oligodendrocyte

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15
Q

Oligodentrocytes are myelinated axons of neurons in _____.

A

CNS

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16
Q

Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate how much axons (~)?

A

~30

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes are a predominantly a type of ____ cell in ______ matter

A

glial / white

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18
Q

Oligodendrocyte are derived from ___________.

A

Neuroectoderm

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes are injure in: ________, ________, and ________.

A

Multiple sclerosis
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Leukodystrophies

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20
Q

Anatomy of Blood Brain Barrier

A

Astrocyte foot processes
Capillary lumen
Tight junction
Basement membrane

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21
Q

The function of the BBB is to prevent circulating _________ from reaching the _____ and ______.

A

blood substances
CSF / CNS

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22
Q

What cross slowly by carrier mediated transport mechanisms in the BBB?

A

Glucose / amino acids

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23
Q

What cross rapidly via diffusion in the BBB?

A

Nonpolar / lipid-soluble

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24
Q

What organs allows molecules in the blood to affect brain function or neurosecretory products?

A

Circumventricular organs with fenestrated capillaries and NO BBB

25
Q

Examples of NO BBB - area postrema

A

vomiting after chemotherapy

26
Q

BBB disruption is an example of _____ which equals _________

A

stroke / vasogenic edema

27
Q

What hyporosmolar agents can disrupt the BBB?

A

Mannitol ( increase permeability of medications)

28
Q

Sodium channels are ______ enriched in _________ to propagate _______________ via __________ conduction

A

HIGHLY
NODES OF RANVIER
ACTION POTENTIALS
SALTATORY

29
Q

Nav. 1.2 in ______ and ______

A

CNS / PNS

30
Q

Upon maturation _____ is down regulated, while _____ compensates

A

Upon maturation NAV1.3 is down regulated, while NAV1.6 compensates

31
Q

Early myelination: colocalization of ______ and _______ clusters.

A

Early myelination: co-localization of NAV1.2 and NAV1.6 clusters.

32
Q

_______ gel electrophoresis of myelin proteins in the presence of _____ (SDS) stained with _____________. The electrophoretic system _______ proteins primarily according to their molecular ______, with the _____ proteins migrating the __________ toward the _____ of the gell.

A

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of myelin proteins in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. The electrophoretic system separates proteins primarily according to their molecular size, with the smallest proteins migrating the farthest toward the bottom of the gell.

33
Q

When does myelination begins?

A

during the late fetal period and continues during the fist postnatal year

34
Q

When myelination tends to be functional?

A

Around the same time the fibers complete to become functional

35
Q

When does motor fibers tend to become myelinated?

A

Before sensory fibers

36
Q

What are myelinated axonal nerves?

A

White lipid rich insulating membrane that wraps around SOME axonal projections

37
Q

Myelinated axonal nerves evolved to
1 . _______ the conduction of ______ of ____________ signals between neurons.
2. __________ energy requirements.

A

Myelinated axonal nerves evolved to
1 . INCREASE the conduction of SPEED of ELECTRICAL signals between neurons.
2. REDUCING energy requirements.

38
Q

Myelination is completed by specialized _______ cells.

A

GLIA

39
Q

CNS (Central nervous system) use _______ and it myelinated as many as ______ axons.

A

CNS (Central nervous system) use OLIGODENTROCYTES and it myelinated as many as 30 axons.

40
Q

PNS (Peripheral nervous system) use ______ and it myelinated only _____ neuron.

A

1 (one)

41
Q

Myelination of Axonal nerves is a ________ process.
It consist of _______ polarization and _______ and ________ of myelin.

A

Myelination of Axonal nerves is a MULTISTEP process.
It consist of GLIA polarization and EXPANSION and COMPACTION of myelin.

42
Q

_______ support axonal energy metabolism

A

GLIA

43
Q

_______ linkage of local stacks of ___________ myelin.

A

GAP JUNCTION / NON COMPACTED

44
Q

_________________________(SLI) is a ______-truncated ____ shape in the myelin internode that is a specific feature of myelinated nerve fibers formed by _______ in the PNS.

A

Schmidt-Lanterman incisure (SLI) is a CIRCULAR-truncated CONE shape in the myelin internode that is a specific feature of myelinated nerve fibers formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PNS.

45
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman incisure (SLI) funtions as:
1. cytoplasmic ____ connecting the _______ and ______ aspect of the myelin sheath
2. formation and _________ stability of myelin
3. regulation of _____________
4. signal ____________

A

Schmidt-Lanterman incisure (SLI) funtions as:
1. cytoplasmic CHANNEL connecting the INNER and OUTERMOST aspect of the myelin sheath
2. formation and STRUCTURAL stability of myelin
3. regulation of ADHESION
4. signal TRANSDUCTION

46
Q

Prior to myelination _____________ are present throughout the axonal membrane at ___ density

A

SODIUM CHANNELS / LOW

47
Q

Upon Schwann cells adherence and axonal myelination occurs _____ sodium channel clustering.

A

> (greater than)

48
Q

Myelin pathologies
1._______________ (CNS)
2. _______________(PNS)

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Guillain-Barré syndrome

49
Q

___________ :chronic disease that damages the nerves in the __________ matter of the _____ and __________.

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: chronic disease that damages the nerves in the WHITE matter of the CNS and SPINAL CORD.

50
Q

Does MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS is involved in peripheral nerves?

A

Not common, 5%

51
Q
  1. In MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS the _________ attacks myelin.
  2. ______ nerve lesions are common.
  3. ____________in response to the nerve damage.
  4. Symptoms are: problems with ________, ________, _______ or _________.
A
  1. In MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS the IMMUNE SYSTEM attacks myelin.
  2. OPTIC nerve lesions are common.
  3. SCARRING OF TISSUE in response to the nerve damage.
  4. Symptoms are: problems with MUSCLE CONTROL, BALANCE, VISION OR SPEECH.
52
Q

___________________ is used as experimental model for investigation of demyelination in the _____.

A

EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE)
CNS

53
Q

________________ and ___________ mechanisms leads to key pathological features of MS: ______________, _______________, ______ loss and ___________ in the CNS.

A

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY and NEUROPATHOLOGY mechanisms leads to key pathological features of MS: inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis in the CNS.

54
Q

EAE may occur following ________ infections of ____________.

A

viral infections / vaccinations

55
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a AUTOIMMUNE disease that attacks the _______ nerve myelin. ____________ cell myelination.

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a AUTOIMMUNE disease that attacks the PERIPHERAL nerve myelin. SCHWANN cell myelination.

56
Q

Guillain-Barre onset of disorder are ______ and ________.

A

fear / anxiety

57
Q

Guillain-Barre symptoms are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. PAIN
  2. MUSCLE WEEKNESS
  3. PARALYSIS
    4.WEAKNESS OF BREATH MUSCLES
58
Q

Guillain-Barre diagnosis include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. rapid development of muscle paralysis
  2. absence of reflex
  3. CSF fluid analysis
  4. nerve conduction studies
  5. blood test (not due to low blood K+levels)

Neuro Block 1 (6 decks)

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