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Neuro Block 1 > Intro NS > Flashcards

Intro NS Flashcards

1
Q

PSN

A

CRANIAL NERVES
SPINAL NERVES

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2
Q

CNS

A

BRAIN
SPINAL CORD

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3
Q

PNS

A

Somatic - sensory information to the CNS

Autonomic
1. Sympathetic
2.Parasympathetic
3. Enteric

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4
Q

General function of PNS

A

Conduct impulses to or away from the CNS

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5
Q

Generla function of CNS

A

Integrate & coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals Carry higher mental functions

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6
Q

General function of Enteric

A

The enteric nervous system is considered a third autonomic division.

It consists of a neural plexus, lying within the walls of the gut, that is involved in controlling peristalsis and gastrointestinal secretions.

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7
Q

CNS

A

Weights ~ 400 g at birth, but by the end of the first 3 years of life, this weights triples, primarily due to the addition of myelin and growth of neuronal process

The adult brain weights ~ 1,400 g, ~2% of body weigh

Human mental capacities are related to the complexity of neuronal interconnections and the differential development of the different areas of the cerebral cortex with their unique higher cortical functions, not by the size!

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8
Q

Anatomic directions of the CNS

A

In the cerebral hemisphere (forebrain):

Anterior (Ventral) - toward the base of the brain * Posterior

(Dorsal) - toward the top of the brain

In the brainstem and spinal cord:

Anterior = Ventral
Posterior = Dorsal

Rostral - toward the anterior pole of the forebrain (frontal pole)

Caudal - toward the occipital pole or the inferior pole of the spinal cord or toward the “tail”
e.g. the midbrain is rostral to the pons but caudal to the thalamus

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9
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Horizontal = Axial = Transverse sections

Sections perpendicular to the long axis of the person’s body

Sagittal sections passing through the midline = midsagittal

Parasagittal sections = sections that passes just off the midline

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10
Q

Types of Glial cells

A

Astrocytes - protoplasmic & fibrous
- BBB & homeostasis

Migroglia - support cell, immune system

Oligodentrocytes -
myelin production (Schwan cells)

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11
Q

NUEROGLIAL FUNTIONS (Glial cells or glia)

A
  • Supporting and nourishing the neurons
  • Not essential for processing information
  • 10–50 times in CNS
  • Separate and/or insulate neurons
  • Some glial removes debris after injury or neuronal death
  • Buffers the K+ ion concentration in the extracellular space
  • During development, some cells guide migration of neurons and direct the outgrowth of axons * Some forms tight junctions with endothelial cells – Blood Brain Barrier
  • Some cells have nutritive functions for nerve cells
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12
Q

CNS -glia cells

A

oligodendroglia
astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
protoplasmis astrocyte
fibrous astrocyte
oligodentrocyte

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13
Q

PNS

A

Schwann cell

In the PNS, neuroglia include satellite cells around the neurons in the spinal (posterior root) and autonomic ganglia and Schwann (neurolemma) cells.

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14
Q

Gray matter

A

Gray matter is found in the cortical layer (cortex) on the surface of the forebrain and cerebellum.

The gray matter of cerebral cortex is composed of neuron cell bodies of variable sizes and shapes intermixed with myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.

Gray matter can also be found in deep structures (forebrain, basal ganglia and limbic system).

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15
Q

Functional units

A

White matter – contains nerve axons.

Nuclei – a collection of of nerve cell bodies within the CNS
*In the PNS is called a
ganglion

Tract – a bundle of axons traveling from one area to another within the CNS. In the PNS axon bundles are called a nerve.

Tracts may descend or ascend connecting different regions in a vertical way that may decussate.

Horizontal connections are called commissures.

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16
Q

Corte coronal - brain

A

Cortex
White matter
Gray matter
Nuclei
Commussure
Tract

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17
Q

Brain

A

The cortex of each lobe IS:

thrown into folds, gyri, (singular, gyrus)

separated by grooves called sulci (singular, sulcus)

or deeper grooves called fissures.

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18
Q

Lobes of fissures in cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure
} separates the two hemispheres

Central sulcus of Roland
} separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Lateral or Sylvian fissure
} separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and the parietal lobes

Parietooccipital fissure
} visible on the medial surface of the brain, separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

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19
Q

Brain protection

A

The brain is lined by the meninges and protected by the cranium

20
Q

Sulcus within the cerebrum

A

Cingulate sulcus
Paracentral sulcus
Central sulcus (Roland)
Marginal sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Calcarine sulcus

21
Q

CNS: Brain
BRAIN PROPER

A

Forebrain

1.Telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres
Deep structures

  1. Diencephalon
    Thalamus
    Hypothalamus
    Epithalamus & Subthalamus
22
Q

CNS: Brain
BRAIN STEM

A

-Midbrain

  1. Midbrain

-Hindbrain

  1. Metencephalon
    Pons
    Cerebellum
  2. Medulla
23
Q

Brain composition

A

The brain is made up of many specialized areas that work together:

Four (4) Lobes:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

+ Brain Stem + Cerebellum

24
Q

Cerebral lobes

A

integrate motor, sensory, autonomic, and intellectual processes

are organized along functional lines

The NS is constructed with bilateral symmetry.

For most sensory and motor functions, the left side of the brain functionally corresponds with the right side of the body.

Some higher cortical functions are represented more strongly in one hemisphere, however, in terms of gross anatomy, each hemisphere has a similar structure.

25
Q

Central sulcus (Rolando)

A

Divides the pre central gyrus from the post central gyrus

Pre-central gyrus
primary motor cortex of contralateral voluntary movements

Post-central gyrus
primary somatic sensory cortex
(kinesthetic and tactile)

26
Q

Homunculus

A

Cortical representation of how neurons are somatotopically organized and associated both, functionally and anatomically, with specific body parts.

27
Q

Frontal lobe

A

It is the emotional control center and home to personality and decision making abilities

  • Primary motor cortex: descending cell bodies to the spinal cord that control voluntary movements
  • Premotor cortex – regulates voluntary motor activity or behavior
  • Broca’s area - production of written and spoken language, primarily in the dominant (typically left)

-Prefrontal association areas - emotion, motivation, personality, initiative, judgment, ability to concentrate, and social inhibitions

28
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

processing intellectual and emotional events

29
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • process linguistic information
  • Involved with other parts of the brain, such as the amygdala, to mediate the emotional response to language

Angular gyrus- Processing the meaning and semantics of words

Supramarginal gyrus – involve in determining their sound

Postcentral gyrus – primary somatosensory cortex

Primarily involved in initial cortical processing and perception of touch, pain and limb position (details will be discussed in the Somatosensory lecture) on both the lateral and medial aspects of the parietal lobe.

It is also involved in complex aspects of spatial orientation and perception, including self-perception.

30
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Important for processing auditory information (Primary auditory cortex), language, and certain complex functions.

Superior temporal gyrus
process and interpret what we hear

Middle and Inferior gyrus complex visual functions

Anterior medial areas
involved in complex aspects of
learning, memory and emotion

Lesions in auditory cortex leads to difficulty in interpret or localize a sound in space, do not cause deafness

31
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primarily involved in processing visual information.

Visual association areas surround it and mediate the ability to see and recognize objects.

A lesion of the primary visual cortex leads to loss of visual input from the contralateral half of the visual field, details will be discussed later.

32
Q

Insula (Island of Real)

A

A portion of neocortex covered by portions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

Insular cortex receives nociceptive and viscerosensory input.

Spontaneous lesions in this area decrease or complete loss of the desire to continue addictive behaviors.

33
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Composed of the:
* Cingulate gyrus
* Parahippocampal gyrus
* Uncus
* Subcallosal area

A ring of cortex in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes that contributes to “this” lobe, however, it is NOT a true lobe.

Its function is complex, linked to circuits that modulates memory, learning and behavior.

34
Q

Limbic structures

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Stria terminalis

*Interconnected and interacting structures that modulate emotional behaviors and play a role in learning and memory.

35
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Lenticular nuclei
    a. Putamen
    b. Globus pallidus

Procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or “habits,” eye movements, and cognitive, emotional functions

Play a central role in a number of neurological conditions such as:
* Parkinson
* Obsessive Compulsive Behavior (OCD)

36
Q

Core structures involved in the brain reward pathway

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
* Nucleus accumbens
* Prefrontal cortex
* Amygdala

Other structures, such as the hypothalamus, modulate this circuit.

37
Q

Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus & sub thalamus

Bounded anteriorly by the anterior commissure, a fiber bundle containing many olfactory and temporal lobe fibers and posteriorly by the posterior commissure.

38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Structurally part of the diencephalon but functionally part of the limbic system.

Plays a role in coordinating and integrating endocrine, autonomic and homeostatic functions.

It regulates temperature, endocrine functions, feeding, drinking, emotional & sexual behaviors

39
Q

Thalamus (The “gatekeeper” of the cortex)

A

A critical “station” that process all sensory information (except for olfaction) on its way to the cortex.

It is also involved in:
* processing motor information
* integrating higher order cognitive and emotional information
* regulating cortical activity

40
Q

Brainstem: midbrain & hindbrain

A

The brainstem provides the conduit by which all ascending and descending information travel to the brain from the spinal cord and viceversa.

41
Q

Brain ventricular system

A

The ventricles are cavities within each hemisphere that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is an important source of electrolytes, but it also protects, supports the brain as well as serve as a conduit for neuroactive and metabolic products. We will discuss it in another lecture.

Lateran ventricules (interventricular foramen)

Third ventricle (cerebral aqueduct / Sylvius)

Fourth ventricle

42
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

Major reflex center and conduction pathway

  • Protected by the vertebrae, associate muscles and ligaments, spinal meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata (medulla)
  • ~ 42-45 cm long, occupies 2/3 of the vertebra canal
  • Two enlargement sites:
  • Cervical
  • Lumbosacral
43
Q

Curvatures of Vertebral Column

A

Curvatures:

Cervical - 2
Thoracic - 1
Lumbar -2
Sacral - 1

During fetal period - the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord

  • At birth - the tip of the conus medullaris is at the level of L4–L5
  • Postnatal life - the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column
  • progressive obliquity of spinal nerve roots
  • the length of nerve roots increases progressively
44
Q

Spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris – terminal part, may terminate as high as T12 vertebra or as low as L3 vertebra.

Length of spinal cord:
* In embryo - occupies the whole length of the vertebral canal
* At birth - the tip of the conus medullaris is at the level of L4–L5
* In adult - approximately at the level of L2

45
Q

Spinal cord injuries

A

Transection of the spinal cord results in loss of all sensation and voluntary movement inferior to the lesion.

Transection between the following levels will result in the indicated effects:
* C1–C3: no function below head level; a ventilator is required to maintain respiration.

  • C4–C5: quadriplegia (no function of upper and lower limbs); respiration occurs.
  • C6–C8: loss of lower limb function combined with a loss of hand and a variable amount of upper limb function; the individual may be able to self-feed or propel a wheelchair.
  • T1–T9 paraplegia (paralysis of both lower limbs); the amount of trunk control varies with the height of the lesion.
  • T10–L1: some thigh muscle function, which may allow walking with long leg braces.
  • L2–L3: retention of most leg muscle function; short leg braces may be required for walking.

Neuro Block 1 (6 decks)

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