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Microbiology > Mycology and Parasitology > Flashcards

Mycology and Parasitology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common fungal infection in children?

A

Fungal scalp infections

- tinea capitis

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2
Q

Where on the body do the following fungal infections present?

A

Tinea corporis - trunk, legs or arms
Tinea barbae - face (in males)
Tinea pedis - feet

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3
Q

How is a dermatophyte infection confirmed?

A 
Microscopy
- interpretation of slides requires experience 
- can't identify the species 
- uses KOH reagent
- simple and rapid results (3-24 hours)
Molecular detection 
- sensitive
- very expensive
Culture
- permits species identification (7-10 days)
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4
Q

What are the two most common fungal infections in Scotland?

A

Trichophyton rubrum

Trichophton interdigitale

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5
Q

List the most common travel associated dermatophyte infections.

A

Trichophyton tonsurans
- USA, Western Europe, Africa
Trichophton violaceum
- Africa, India

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6
Q

List the most common occupation related dermatophyte infections.

A

Trichophyton verrucosum
- farmer, vet
Microsporum gypseum
- gardener

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7
Q

List the most common pet associated dermatophyte infections.

A

Microsporum canis
- dogs, cats
Trichophyton mentagrophytens var mentagrophytes
- rodents

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8
Q

How are dermatophyte infections treated?

A 
Terbinafine 
- 12 weeks for toenails
- risk of SJS
Itraconazole 
- pulse therapy 
Griseofulvin
- scalp
- licensed for children 
Tea tree oil
Garlic
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9
Q

Name some non-dermatophyte moulds.

A 
Aspergillus 
Rhizopus (strawberry fluff fungus)
Absidia 
Fusarium
Scedosporium
Penicillium marneffei
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10
Q

How does aspergiullus infection a person?

A

Found in the soil, plants and the air

- infection by inhalation

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11
Q

Which aspergillus species are the cause of most aspergillus infections?

A

A.Fumigatus

A.Falvus

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12
Q

What are the more serious effects of an aspergillus infection (immunocompromised patients)?

A

Angioinvasion

  • haemorrhaging
  • facial swelling
  • cough
  • endocarditis
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13
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of an aspergillus infection in the immunocompromised?

A

Lung nodules, sinuses and dissemination to other organs and the CNS
Fever, failure to respond to broad spectrum antibiotics and low grade chest pain

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14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of an aspergillus infection in the immunocompetent?

A

Allergic sinusitis

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15
Q

Give some examples of mucoraceous moulds.

A

Rhizopus and Absidia

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16
Q

How are non-dermatophyte moulds treated?

A

Amphotericin B (ambisome)
- binds to ergosterol to impair the cell wall function
Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole
- inhibits the fungal-mediated synthesis of ergosterol via cytochrome P450 inhibition (resistance is common)
Caspofungin
- inhibits beta(1,3)-D-Glucan synthase thereby disrupting cell wall synthesis

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17
Q

List some causes of pathogenic yeast infections.

A 
Candida
Cryptococcus
Malassezia
Rhodotorula 
Saccharomyces
Trichosporon
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18
Q

Where does yeast live normally in a healthy person?

A

Normal flora of the skin, mouth, GI tract and vagina

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19
Q

What species group is the most common type of yeast infection, and name the most common species within it.

A

Candida

  • parapsilosis
  • guilliermondii
  • albicans
20
Q

Who is classed as a ‘high risk’ for invasive candida infections?

A 
Immunosuppressed 
Low birth weight babies
Intensive care patients
Trauma 
Extensive antibiotics
Steroids
Drug abuse
Catheter insertion
21
Q

Which organs does an invasive candida infection affect?

A

Kidneys (80%), heart (prosthetic valves), GI tract, lungs, liver, spleen, eyes and CNS

22
Q

Which yeast infections are life threatening even if you have a competent immune system?

A

Cryptococcus infections

  • neoformans var neoformans
  • neoformans var gattii
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of an invasive crytopococcus infection?

A 
Meningitis 
Productive cough
Chest pain
Weight loss
Fever
24
Q

In which ways can a lab identify yeast infections?

A 
Culturing 
Chromogenic agar
Auxacolour 2
- 24 hours for results
Maldi Tof
25
Q

Name some of the topical treatments used for a yeast infection.

A

Fluconazole, itraconazole, nystatin and clotrimazole

26
Q

Name some IV treatments for invasive yeast infections.

A

Amphotericin B (ambisome)
- binds to ergosterol to impair cell wall function
Fluconazole
Caspofungin - inhibits cell wall synthesis
Flucytosine - alters protein and DNA synthesis

27
Q

Define and name some protozoa.

A

Motile unicellular eukaryotic oragnisms

  • sporozoa
  • amoeba
  • ciliate
  • flagellate
28
Q

Name some Helminths.

A

Trematodes
Cestodes
Nematodes

29
Q

What are the four main types of malaria (and where are they most commonly found)?

A

P.Falciparum - most common - Africa, East Asia, South American and India
P.Vivax - SE Asia, India, Central America, North Africa
P.Ovale - West Africa
P.Malariae - Africa

30
Q

Name the new emerging species of malaria causing organism.

A

Plasmodium Knowlesi

- Borneo, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Singapore and the Philippines

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A 
Fever
- irregular (falciparum)
- every 2 days (vivax and ovale)
- every 3 days (malariae)
Headache
Chills Vomiting
Muscle pain
Diarrhoea
Respiratory distress
Coughing
Cerebral malaria (falciparum)
32
Q

What is the minimum time between bite and infection for a malaria infection?

A

8 days

33
Q

Briefly describe the malaria parasite travelling from the bite site until causing clinical signs.

A

The bite allows the parasite to enter the bloodstream
It travels to the liver where it resides for several days
Then it infects blood cells and causes fever

34
Q

What laboratory tests can identify malaria?

A 
Blood films
Antigen testing
- detects hrp2 antigen (falciparum)
- detects parasite LDH
Molecular detection
35
Q

What are the treatment options for malaria?

A

Malarone - atovaquone/proguanil
Deoxycline
Choloquine/proguanil
Mefloquine (gives vivd dreams)

36
Q

What are the 5 Schistosomes that can infect humans to cause Schistosomiasis?

A

S.Mansoni (Africa, Arabia, Egypt, South America)
S.Haematobium (Africa, Mediterranean)
S.Japonium (Far East)
S.Intercalatum (Central and West Africa)

37
Q

Briefly describe the life cycle of a schistosome.

A

Cercariae penetrates the skin, losing its tail and becoming a schistosomulae
This circulates the body until it reaches the portal circulation and matures into an adult
Once in the liver, the do one of two things
- liver there for up to 20 years
- move to the mesenteric venules of bowel/rectum and lay eggs to ciculate to the liver or be shed in stools

38
Q

What are the initial symptoms of Schistosomiasis?

A

Asymptomatic - often
Rash develops within 24 hours
- swimmer’s itch
Blood in stool and urine a few months after the infection

39
Q

What are the late phase symptoms of a Schistosomiasis infection?

A

Urinary
- ulceration of the bladder, blood in urine, calcification of bladder, resulting kidney failure and bladder cancer
Intestinal
- inflammation of large bowel and rectum and diarrhoea
Hepatic
- sudden, massive internal bleeding that is often fatal
Genital
- ulcerative lesion of vagina, vulva, cervix and ovary
Neurological
- eggs lodge in CNS/brain causing epilepsy and paralysis

40
Q

Which lab tests can identify a Schistosome?

A

Serology - detect egg antigens

Microscopy - screening of stools and urine

41
Q

What is the treatment for Schistosomiasis?

A

Praqiquantel - paralyses the worm
- cant be used as prophylaxis as it has no effect on worms or eggs
Effective for all the species

42
Q

How are the toxoplasma gondii oocysts shed?

A

In cat stools

43
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for toxoplasma gondii, and how do they become infected?

A

Birds, rodents, cattle

- become infected after ingesting contaminated soil and water

44
Q

Briefly describe the life cycle of toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the human?

A

Oocysts transform into tachyzoites

  • these are called bradyzoite cysts in neural and muscle tissue
  • they can form in skeletal muscle, heart, brain and eyes
45
Q

How do humans become infected with toxoplasma gondii?

A

Eating undercooked meat of animals harbouring tissue cysts
Consuming food or water contaminated with cat stools
Blood transfusion or organ transplantation
Transplacentally from the mother to foetus

46
Q

How is toxoplasma gondii identified in a lab?

A

Serology - IgG and IgM detection
Diagnosis of congenital infections can be done by detecting T.gondii DNA in amniotic fluid
- uses PCR

47
Q

How is toxoplasmosis treated?

A

Pyrimethamine

Microbiology (21 decks)

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