Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Mycology and Parasitology > Flashcards

Mycology and Parasitology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Systemic mycoses characteristics

A

All can cause pneumonia and disseminate
- Dimorphic fungi: cold = mold (20C); heat = yeast (37C) –> except coccidioidomycosis is spherule not yeast

  • Tx:
  • Local infection - fluconazole/itraconazole
  • Systemic - amphotericin B

**Systemic can mimic TB, but no person-to-person transmission!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of systemic mycoses

A
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Blastomycosis
  • Coccidioidomycosis
  • Paracoccidioidomycosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Mississippi + Ohio River valleys –> pneumonia

  • Bird/bat droppings
  • Macrophage filled with histoplasma (smaller than RBC)
  • Histo Hides (in macrophages)*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blastomycosis

A

Mississippi River/Central America

  • Inflamm lung disease, can disseminated to Bone/skin
  • Makes granulomatous nodules
  • Broad-based budding (same size as RBC)
  • Blasto Buds Broadly*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

Southwest US/California

  • Pneumonia/meningitis, can disseminate to bone/skin
  • Incr rate after earthquake bc spores in dust –> into air –> spherules in lung
  • Spherules (much larger than RBC) filled w/ endospores
  • (San Joaquin) Valley fever*
  • Desert bumps = erythema nodosum*
  • Desert rheumatism = arthralgias*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Latin America
- Budding yeast with “captain’s wheel” formation (much larger than RBC)

Paracoccidio Parasails with the captain’s wheel all the way to Latin America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cutaneous mycoses = tinea

A

Tinea versicolor
Other: Tinea pedis (foot), tinea cruris (groin), tinea corporis (ringworm), tinea capitis (head, scalp), tinea unguium (onychomycosis, fingernails)

*KOH prep - see mold hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

Malassezia furfur

  • Degradation of lipids makes acids –> damage melanocytes –> hypo/hyperpigmented patches
  • Hot, humid weather
  • Dx - “spaghetti and meatball” appearance
  • Tx - topical miconazole, selenium sulfide (Selsun)

Leslie got rid of her furfur fungus w/ head + shoulders = selenium sulfide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Opportunistic fungal infections

A

1) Candida albicans
2) Aspergillus fumigatus
3) Cryptococus neoformas
4) Mucor and Rhizopus app.
5) Pneumocystic jirovecci
6) Sporothrix schenckii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Candida albicans

A
  • Systemic or superficial fungal infection
  • Oral/esoph thrush - immunocompromised
  • Vulvovaginitis - diabetes/abx use
  • Diaper rash
  • Endocarditis in IV drug users
  • Disseminated candidiasis
  • Tx:
  • Oral/esoph = fluconazole/caspofungin
  • Vaginal = topical azole
  • Systemic = fluconazole/caspofungin/amphotericin B

*alba = white (white pseudohyphae and budding yeasts) –> dimorphic (buds/yeast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A
  • Invasive aspergillosis - immunocompromised and CGD
  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) - asthma/CF –> bronchiectasis/eosinophilia
  • Aspergillomas - in lung cavities, esp after TB
  • HCC - some aspergillus make aflotoxin, assoc w/ HCC
  • Incr IgE eosinophilia
  • Septate hyphae that branch at 45degr (acute) angle [NOT DIMORPHIC]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcosis
- Soil/pigeon droppings –> inhale, then disseminates hematog to meninges

  • Sabouraud agar, India ink stain. Encapsulated yeast (halos), NOT DIMORPHIC
  • Latex agglutination test - detects polysaccharide capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus spp

A

Mucormycosis –> in DKA, leukemic pts

  • Fungi in blood vessel walls when excess ketones/glucose –> penetrates cribiform plate –> enters brain
  • Rhinocerebral/frontal lobe abscesses
  • HA, face pain, black necrotic face eschar, CN involvement

Tx = amphotericin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecci

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) = diffuse interstitial pneumonia

  • Yeast inhaled –> most asxs
  • Immunocompromised - predisporse
  • CXR - diffuse, bilateral
  • Dx - lung biopsy/lavage
Tx = TMP-SMX, pentamide
Ppx = dapsone, atovaquone; when CD4<200

*Disc shaped yeast on silver stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sporothrix schenckii

A

Sporotrichosis

  • Spores enter traumatically through skin (thorn prick) –> pustule/ulcer with nodules along lymphatics
  • Little systemic illness

Tx = itraconazole/POTassium iodide

*Dimorphic, cigar shaped budding yeast, lives on vegetation

“Plat a ROSE in the POT”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of parasites

A
  • Protozoa
  • Nematode (roundworms)
  • Cestodes (tapeworms)
  • Trematodes (flukes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Protozoa

A

GI infections - giardia, entamoeba histolytica, cryptosporidium

CNS infections - toxoplasma, naegleria fowleri, trypanosoma brucei

Heme infections - plasmodium, babesia

Visceral - trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani

STDs - trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

GI infections from protozoa

A
  • Giardia
  • Entamoeba
  • Histolytica
  • Cryptosporidium

Gut Entered High Cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Giardiasis - bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling + fatty diarrhea

  • Transmission cysts in water (campers/hikers)
  • Dx - trophozoites or cysts in stool
  • Tx - metronidazole

fat-rich Ghiradelli –> fatty stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Amebiasis - bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess (“anchovy paste” exudate)

  • Sx - RUQ pain (flask-shaped ulcer if colon submucosal ulcer ruptures)
  • Transmission - cysts in water
  • Dx - trophozoites (w/ RBC in cytoplasm) or cysts in tool
  • Tx - metronidazole; iodoquinol if asx cyst passers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

Severe diarrhea in AIDS

  • Immunocompetent = mild watery diarrhea
  • Transmit - oocytes in water
  • Dx - oocytes on acid-fast stain
  • Tx - prevent by filtering city water; nitazoxanide in immunocompetent
22
Q

CNS infections from protozoa

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Naegleria fowleri
  • Trypanosoma brucei
23
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Brain abscesses in HIV (ring-enhancing lesions on CT/MR)

  • Congenital = classic triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcif
  • Transmit - cysts in meat/oocytes in cat feces (crosses placenta!)
  • Dx - serology, biopsy (tachyzoite)
  • Tx = sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
24
Q

Naegleri fowleri

A

Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis

  • Swimming in freshwater –> enters cribiform plate
  • Dx - amoebas in CSF
  • Tx = amphotericin B (few survive)

Nalgine of fresh water full of Naegleri

25
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

African sleeping sickness

- Enlarged LN, recurrent fever (antigenic variation), somnolence, coma

26
Q

Heme infections from protozoa

A
  • Plasmodium (P vivax/ovale, falciparum, malariae)

- Babesia

27
Q

Plasmodium

A

Malaria - fever, HA, anemia, splenomegaly

  • P. vivax/ovale - 48 hr cycle of fevers; dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver
  • P. falciparum - severe, irreg fever pattern, RBCs with parasites occlude capillaries in brain, kidneys, lungs
  • P. malariae - 72 hr cycle, milder
  • Transmit: mosquito
  • Dx - blood smear, trophozoite rink w/in RBC, schizont containing merozoites
28
Q

Tx of plasmodium

A

Chloroquine - blocks plasmodium in heme [mefloquine, atovoquone, proguinal if resistant]

P.vivax/ovale - use primiquine to kill hyponozoite (dormant hepatic infection)

Life threatening - use IV quinidine
*Test for G6PD defic

29
Q

Babesia

A

Babesiosis - fever, hemolytic anemia

  • NE US, high risk if asplenic
  • Transmit - ixodes tick (same as in Lyme; can coinfect!)
  • Dx - ring form, “Maltese cross”
  • Tx - atovaquone + azithro
30
Q

Visceral infections from protozoa

A
  • Trypanosoma cruzi (chagas)

- Leishmania donovani

31
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas disease –> dilated CM, megacolon, megaesophagus

  • South America
  • Transmit - Reduviid bug (“kissing bug”) feces, deposited in painless bite
  • Dx - blood smear
  • Tx - benznidazole or nifurtimox
32
Q

Leishmania donovani

A

Visceral leishmaniasis

  • Spike fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
  • Transmit - sandfly
  • Macrophages containing amastigotes
  • Tx - amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate
33
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Vaginitis - foul-smelling, greenish discharge, itching, burning
- NOT Gardnerella vaginalis (Gram neg, bacterial vaginosis)

34
Q

Nematodes

A

Roundworms
- Ingested = Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara
“You’ll get sick if you EAT these!”
- Cutaneous = Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator
“These get in your feet from the SANd”
- Bites- Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
“Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten”

(Bendazoles for worms bc worms = bendy)

35
Q

Intestinal nematodes

A

EAAS

  • Enterobius vermicularis
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Ancylostoma duodenalse, Necator americanus
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
36
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Pinworm, fecal-oral

  • Intestinal infection causing anal puritis (Scotch Tape test)
  • Tx - bendazoles/pyrantel pamoate
37
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Giant roundworm, fecal-oral, see eggs in feces w/ microscope

  • Intestinal infection
  • Tx - bendazoles/pyrantel pamoate
38
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

A

Hookworms, larvae penetrate skin

  • Intestinal infection - anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls
  • Tx - bendazoles/pyrantel pamoate
39
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Larvae in soil penetrate skin

  • Intestinal skin with vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (like peptic ulcer)
  • Tx = ivermectin/albendazole
40
Q

Tissue nematodes

A

WOLT

  • Wuchereria bancrofti
  • Onchocerca volvulus
  • Loa loa
  • Toxocarna canis
41
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Female mosquito

  • Blocks lymphatics, elephantiasis (9mo-1yr after bite)
  • Tx = diethylcarbamazine

di = ethyl-carbs- amazing; double elephant size via carbs amazing; for elephantitis

42
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

Female blackfly bite

  • Hyperpigmented skin + river blindness; can get allergic rxn to microfilaria
  • Tx = IVERmectin (for rIVER)

Black fly, black skin nodules, black sight

43
Q

Loa loa

A

Fly; (Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly)

  • Swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva
  • Tx = diethylcarbamazine
44
Q

Toxocara canis

A

Fecal-oral

  • Visceral larva migrans
  • Tx = albendazole/mebendazole (like other fecal-oral ones)
45
Q

Cestodes

A

Tapeworms

  • Taenia solium
  • Diphyllobothrium latum
  • Echinococcus granulosus

Cestode tx = praziquantel +/- albendazole (echino/neurocysticercosis)

46
Q

Taenia solium

A

Intestinal infection –> larvae cysts in undercooked pork
- Tx = praziquantel
Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis –> ingested eggs
- Tx = praziquantel; albendazole for neurocisticercosis

47
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish

  • B12 defic (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine) –> anemia
  • Tx = praziquantel
48
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A

Ingestion of eggs from dog feces

  • Hydatid cysts in liver –> if antigens released = anaphylaxis
  • Surgeon - inject cyst with ethanol to kill cysts before remove
  • Tx = albendazole
49
Q

Trematodes

A

Flukes

  • Schistosoma
  • Clonorchis sinensis

Fluke tx = praziquantel

50
Q

Schistosoma

A

Snails are host; cercariae penetrate skin of humans

  • Liver + spleen granulomas, fibrosis and inflammation = MANSONI/JAPONICUM
  • Chronic S. haematobium = squamous cell ca of bladder (painless hematuria)
  • Tx = praziquantel
51
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

A

Undercooked fish

  • Biliary tract inflammation + pigmented gallstones
  • Associated with cholangiocarcinoma
  • Tx = praziquantel
52
Q

Parasite hints (associations)

A
  • Biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma = clonorchis sinensis
  • Brain cysts/sz = taenia (cysticercosis)
  • Hematuria, bladder cancer = schistosoma haematobium
  • Liver (hydatid) cyst = echinococcus granulosus
  • Microcytic anemia = ancylostoma/necator
  • Perianal pruritis = enterobius
  • Portal HTN = schistosoma mansoni/japonicum
  • VitB12 deficiency = diphyllobothrium latum

Microbiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions