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Mycology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why are fungi heterotrophs

A

they cannot create their own nutrients must be absorbed

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2
Q

what is the cell wall of fungi made from

A

chitin

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3
Q

what are the three main components in the general structure of fungi

A

hyphae, mycelium, spores

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4
Q

what are hyphae

A

filamentous structures that branch repeatedly into a complicated, radically expanding network called the mycelium. In most fungi are the main mode of vegetative growth

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5
Q

what is the mycelium

A

the mass of interwoven hyphae that forms the vegetative portion of the thallus of a fungus. Is often submerges into another body (soil or organic matter of the host)

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6
Q

what are spores

A

reproductive structures produced by fruiting bodies. Microscopic biological particles that allow fungi to be reproduced. (similar to seeds). Usually asexual (can be sexual). Produced in high numbers. Released actively or passively from the basidia or asci or from the fruiting body respectively

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7
Q

what is a coenocyte

A

a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis

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8
Q

what is plasmogamy

A

a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the protoplasm of two parent cells fuse without the fusion of nuclei

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9
Q

what are dikaryons

A

cells in which two nuclei, one from each parent cell, share a single cytoplasm for a period of time without undergoing nuclear fusion.

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10
Q

what are the two main types of hyphae

A

septate hyphae and coenocytic hyphae

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11
Q

how do you determine the species of a fungi

A

shape, size, colour, context of the spores

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12
Q

spores can be produced sexually and asexually depending on what

A

environmental conditions and reproductive identity

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13
Q

why do fungi have high odds of finding a mate

A

because there are up to a thousand sexes wherein any type can mate with any other type as long as it is NOT itself

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14
Q

what are the asexual reproductive stages of fungi

A

Mycelium (n)
Spore producing structures (n)
Spores (n)
Germination

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15
Q

what are the stages of sexual reproduction in fungi

A 
Mycelium (n)
Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)
Dikaryotic stage (n + n)
Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
Diploid stage (2n)
Spore producing structures (n)
Spores (n)
Germination
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16
Q

Fungi are more related to ______ than they are ______

A

Fungi are more related to animals than they are to plants

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17
Q

what are Zygomycota

A

a phylum of the fungi kingdom, Hyphae are coenocytic except in reproductive structures. Produce zygospores from sexual reproduction, and Sporangiospores from asexual reproduction. Produce bubbles where spores are contained (moudly bread)

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18
Q

what are Ascomycota

A

the largest phylum of the fungi kingdom, grouped together with Basidomycota forms Dikarya subkingdom. aka Sac fungi because they contain 8 ascospores in sac-like structures called asci (ascus). goes through 3 mitotic divisions and has septate hyphae.

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19
Q

what are Basidomycota

A

a phylum of the fungi kingdom. ‘club fungi’ because 4 basidiospores sit on a club like structure called a basidium. have septate hyphae. can smell like rotting meat.

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20
Q

what are the environmental roles of fungi

A

decomposers, symbionts, pathogens/parasites,

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21
Q

what are the benefits of fungi decomposing litter

A
  • Nutrients absorbed from decaying material
  • Nutrients made available to other organisms
  • Nutrient recycling – without fungi wouldn’t happen so greatly
  • No fungi, no decaying of wood
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22
Q

what is Mycorrhiza (benefits?)

A

symbiotic association between fungus and roots of a vascular plant.

  • Fungus benefits: access to carbohydrates
  • Plant benefits: access to mineral nutrients
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23
Q

what is Ectomycorrhiza

A

extracellular symbiotic association of fungi with the feeder roots of higher plants in which both the partners are mutually benefited - fungus hyphae grow between plant root cells and rely on carbs leaking from them

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24
Q

what is Endomycorrhiza

A

Intracellular fungi symbiosis with plants in which the hyphae haustorium penetrate the plant root

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25
Q

what are lichens

A

a complex life form made of a symbiotic partnership of fungi and algae/bacteria. algae/bacteria provide the nutrients and fungi provide a structured stable environment

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26
Q

how do ants/termites have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with fungi

A

ants and termites cultivate fungi into their gardens (farming :) - ants/termites propagate nurture and protect the fungi and the fungi act as a food source for the ants

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27
Q

give three examples of obligate fungi

A 
o	Rust fungus (Pucciniales)  – plants
o	White nose syndrome (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) – bats
o	Chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) – amphibians
28
Q

what are entomopathogenic fungi

A
  • a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them
29
Q

how do fungi cause death of some insects

A

the fungus produces aerial spores that land on the exterior of the insect, spores germinate and penetrate into the insect cuticle and fungus grows throughout the body. blastospores and mycelium growth kill the insect in 4-14 days then transforms into mycelium on hosts death

30
Q

what are the benefits of fungi to humans

A 
direct food source (mushrooms)
indirect food source (wine, beer, bread etc)
recreation
biopesticides
crop yield boosting (inoculation and symbiosis)
mycoremediation (decontamination)
enzyme production
medicines
research
31
Q

what is the growth form of yeast

A

asexual growth through budding (single-celled and has no hyphae)

32
Q

what are the two pathways that Saccharomyces spp produces ATP from sugars

A
  1. Respiration delivers more energy (28vs 2 ATPs) but requires oxygen
  2. Fermentation results in ethanol and CO2: respiration only CO2
    Use of CO2: rising of bread dough
    Use of ethanol: alcoholic drinks
33
Q

what is the active ingredient in magic mushrooms and how does it provide its effects

A

Psilocybin or Psilocin (basidiomycota species) - structural similarity with serotonin interfering with the receptors in the brain

34
Q

mycoremediation can be used to decontaminate what

A

Heavy metals: Pleurotes (‘B’), Aspergillus (‘A’), Trichoderma (‘A’)
Organic pollutants: (PAHs, petroleum, PCBs etc) wood decay fungi, Pleurotes (‘B’), Pestalopiosis (‘A’)
Pesticides, dyes, etc

35
Q

give two examples of entomopathogenic fungi used as biopesticides

A

Beauveria bassiana (‘A’) and Metarhizium anisopliae (‘A’)

36
Q

what enzymes are produced using fungi and using which fungi

A

Proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, amylases, phytases, etc

Aspergillus (‘A’), Penicillium (‘A’), Rhizopus (‘Z’), Trichoderma (‘A’), etc

37
Q

what medicines are produced by fungi

A

Antibiotics: penicillin and others
Statins: Penicillium spp (‘A’), Aspergillus terreus (‘A’), Monascus purpureus (‘A’), etc
Anti-cancer drugs: Penicillium spp (‘A’)
Anti-fungal drugs: Penicillium spp (‘A’)
Immuno-suppressant drugs: Penicillium spp (‘A’), Tolypocladium inflatum (‘A’), etc
Drugs against malaria, diabetes
Production of D vitamins

38
Q

how can fungi be used in research and what is the most studied one

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (‘A’) - Model organism in cell biology, genetics, DNA repair, aging

39
Q

what threats do fungi pose to humans

A

poisonous mushrooms
toxic moulds
moulds on foods

40
Q

what are amanita and how are they poisonous

A

a genus of fungi, some of the most toxic mushrooms in the world (Amanita phalloides -death cap) and some edible. produce amatoxins that are inhibitors of RNA polymerase 2: so cell metabolism is halted and cell lysis occurs

41
Q

what is the biphasic clinical pattern of amanita ingestion and poison

A
  • Initial period of acute symptoms: headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, coughing, insomnia, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal disturbances, back pain, frequent urination.
  • 12-24 hour recovery
  • after recovery, 2nd phase… Death through multiple organ failure
42
Q

what species causes the toxic mould ergot

A

Claviceps purpurea and related species (‘A’)

43
Q

what is the treatment for ergot poisoning

A

Treatment: sodium nitroprusside or nitroglycerine

44
Q

what are the symptoms of ergot poisoning - what systems does it infect

A

Alkaloids affect the a) nervous system and b) vascular system

a) muscle spasms, fever, hallucinations, nausea, seizures, vomiting, unconsciousness, death
b) violent burning, peripheral pulses, shooting pains in fingers and toes, gangrene, loss of limbs (‘St Anthony’s Fire’)

45
Q

what are rusts and smuts caused by and how do they effect the plant

A

caused by pathogenic fungi in Basidiomycetes class. cause rusts and smuts to appear on plant and a severe drop in yeild

46
Q

what are the treatments for rusts and smuts

A

fungicides and breeding from resistant genotypes

47
Q

what fungi causes dutch elm disease, how is it transmitted?

A

Ophiostoma ulmi (‘A’) - Vector is bark beetle carrying fungal sprore – they get into bark and create corridor system which they use to breathe.

48
Q

what are the treatments for Ophiostoma ulmi (‘A’) infection of dutch elms

A

 Destroy diseased trees.
 Target bark beetles
 ‘Vaccinate’ trees with weaker fungus strain
 Breed from resistant genotypes

49
Q

give three examples of major fungal tree pathogens

A

Ash dieback - Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (‘A’)
Honey fungus - Armillaria spp (‘B’)
Dutch elm disease – Ophiostoma ulmi (‘A’)

50
Q

why could wood decaying fungi negatively impact humans

A

if a structure is made of wood, fungi will break down the cellulose and lignin in the wood and cause it to crumble so the whole thing collapses - dry rot causes >£150million annually

51
Q

what are the treatments for dry rot

A
  • Environmental (lower humidity, increase ventilation)
  • Fungicides
  • Heat
  • Biological control (competing fungus species)
52
Q

give 4 examples of fungal pathogens that infect humans can what they cause

A

Candidiasis: Candida albicans and other spp (‘A’) - cause thrush
Dermatophytosis: Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidemophyton (‘A’) - cause athlete foot, ring worm, fungal nail
Aspergillus: Aspergillus spp (‘A’), (forms aspetgiloma in lung ‘fungal ball’)
Cryptococcus: Cryptococcus spp (‘B’) - cause meningitis & meningoencephalitis

53
Q

what are microsporidia

A

a eukaryotic phylum of single-celled organisms (approx 1500 species)(small genome)
they are spore-forming obligate intracellular parasites (evolutionary loss of genes)

54
Q

what is a meront

A

part of the microsporidia lifecycle inside human host cells

55
Q

what is the structure of meronts

A

– Membrane often has vesicles and tubules that serve to increase surface area of contact with the host cell so it can steal more nutrient.
– One (monokaryon) or two (diplokaryon) nuclei.
– Lots of ribosomes.
– No mitochondria (v odd) (have mitosomes)

56
Q

what is the key characterisitc of microsporidium spores

A

Rows of mysterious circles/ovals are cross-sections of coiled-up polar filament/tube -Only microsporidium spores have this polar filament no other on earth

57
Q

how do you distinguish between microsporidium species

A

the pattern of polar filament coils in their spores is often species specific

(Indicative spore organisation, the polar filament can be different sizes and
orientations inside the spore)

58
Q

how do microsporidium infect the the host cell

A

spores contain an extrusion apparatus that has a coiled polar tube ending in an anchoring disc at the apical part of the spore - enables spore contents and nucleus to be injected into the host cell

59
Q

how are microsporidia classified

A

related to fungi (highly specialised fungi, losing many traits to parasitic lifecycle
very primitive eukaryotes - before endosymbiosis event
(ssuRNA and other molecular data)

60
Q

what is the lifecycle of microsporidia

A
  1. Environmental cues tigger germination (eg osmotic pressure)
  2. Polar filament pierces membrane of host cell
  3. Spore content (sporoplasm or polarplasm) is injected into host cell
  4. Meront start dividing in the host cell
61
Q

how does the spore polar filament gain the energy for expulsion

A

tension of coil, as soon as trigger occurs it is shoots out, a flexible hypodermic needle crossed with a harpoon.

62
Q

what 3 phases does the microsporidia go through

A

infective/environmental phase (spore)(extracellular) -> proliferative phase (meront) -> sporogonic phase (sporont)

63
Q

what is the host range of microsporidia

A

As a group, microsporidia infect a wide range of organisms from ciliates, ‘worms’, arthropods, fish and mammals
(Especially arthropods)
Not known from plants
(mixture of lifecycles)

64
Q

describe some aspects of pathogenicity of microsporidia

A
  • Can infect a wide range of tissues (guts, liver, kidney, brain, muscles, eyes, etc)
  • Sometimes cyst-forming (especially in fish)
  • Increased mortality
  • Can influence sex determination (arthropods), through female, female infected, help microsporidium spreads. (change host from male to female beneficial for parasites)
  • dependent on state of individual - often more severe in weakened individuals (vertebrates)
  • Transmission often via environmental spores
65
Q

what happens when microsporidia infect drosophila larvae

A

If larvae are infected the adult is infected. When the adults die they can infect larvae again (body ) if parasitoid attacks infected larvae, then parasitoid will be infected. No transmission from parasitoid in drosophila. Dead end from microsporidium when they infect parasitoid

66
Q

what does microsporidia do in humans

A

– Can cause intestinal, lung, kidney, brain, sinus, muscle, or eye disease – often chronic
(mostly opportunistic infections in immune-compromised individuals)

Microbiology (12 decks)

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