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Mycobacterium Spp Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who introduced the genus Mycobacterium into scientific literature?

A

Lehmann and Neumann in 1896

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2
Q

What is the most distinctive feature of the genus Mycobacterium?

A

Lipid-rich cell envelope conferring acid-fastness

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3
Q

Name the pathogens in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

A

M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. caprae

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4
Q

What does the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method detect?

A

Acid-fast bacilli, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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5
Q

What is the incubation period of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae?

A

2-7 years, usually 3-5 years

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6
Q

Which type of staining technique is used for Mycobacterium species?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining

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7
Q

How do Mycobacteria appear under Ziehl-Neelsen stain?

A

Pink, slender, rod-shaped bacilli

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8
Q

What is the generation time of Mycobacterium leprae?

A

12-13 days

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9
Q

Which mycobacterial species is motile within macrophages?

A

Mycobacterium marinum

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10
Q

What temperature range is optimal for Mycobacterium species growth?

A

25-45°C depending on the species

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11
Q

What is the primary feature of the mycobacterial cell wall?

A

It contains a thick, mycolic acid-rich cell wall

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12
Q

What medium is specifically used to culture Mycobacterium species?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium

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13
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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14
Q

Which component of the immune system is involved in controlling latent TB infection?

A

Granuloma formation

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15
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of Mycobacterium colonies in liquid cultures?

A

Twisted, rope-like structures called serpentine cords

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16
Q

What is the primary method used for rapid identification of Mycobacterium species?

A

Molecular methods such as PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing

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17
Q

Which stain technique does not require heating for staining Mycobacterium?

A

Kinyoun stain

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18
Q

Which group of mycobacteria are considered non-tuberculous?

A

M. avium, M. kansasii, M. abscessus

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19
Q

What is the primary site of infection for pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

The lungs

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20
Q

What disease does Mycobacterium leprae cause?

A

Leprosy

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21
Q

What is a key clinical sign of leprosy?

A

Skin lesion with anesthesia

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22
Q

Which method of TB transmission is most common?

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person

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23
Q

How long can it take for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to form visible colonies on culture media?

A

2-8 weeks

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24
Q

Which immune response is predominant in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?

A

Th1-dominant adaptive immune response

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25
Q

What is the role of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium species?

A

They make the cell wall waxy, hydrophobic, and resistant to chemicals

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26
Q

Which mycobacterium is known for causing Pott’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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27
Q

What are some non-culture methods for identifying Mycobacteria?

A

GeneXpert, Lateral Flow Assay, Line Probe Assay

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28
Q

What is the causative agent of lepromatous leprosy?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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29
Q

What is the Runyon classification based on?

A

Growth rate and pigment production of Mycobacterium species

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30
Q

What is the typical treatment regimen for tuberculosis?

A

Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol

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31
Q

What characteristic distinguishes rapidly growing mycobacteria from others?

A

Visible colonies form in less than 7 days

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32
Q

What is the purpose of using malachite green in Lowenstein-Jensen medium?

A

To inhibit the growth of contaminants

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33
Q

What clinical form of TB affects the spine?

A

Pott’s disease

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34
Q

Which organisms can also show acid-fastness besides Mycobacteria?

A

Rhodococcus spp., Nocardia spp., Legionella micdadei

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35
Q

What is a key feature of cavitation in tuberculosis?

A

Liquefied granulomas release bacteria into the bronchial tree

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36
Q

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis appear on an acid-fast stain?

A

Pink slender rods

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37
Q

What factors contribute to Mycobacterium’s resistance to many disinfectants?

A

Its complex, lipid-rich cell wall

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38
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of active pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Cough >3 weeks, weight loss, fever, night sweats

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39
Q

What is the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method also known as?

A

The hot method of acid-fast staining

How well did you know this?
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40
Q

Which staining technique is used for the diagnosis of leprosy?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining

41
Q

What environmental sources commonly contain non-tuberculous mycobacteria?

A

Surface water, tap water, and soil

42
Q

What is the typical growth rate for slowly growing mycobacteria?

A

More than 7 days to form visible colonies

43
Q

Which group of Mycobacteria are known to grow on blood agar?

A

Rapidly growing mycobacteria

44
Q

Which mycobacterium species grows better in reduced oxygen tension?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

45
Q

What are the primary drugs used to treat leprosy?

A

Dapsone, Clofazimine, Rifampicin

46
Q

What are the two extreme clinical forms of leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy (TT) and Lepromatous leprosy (LL)

47
Q

What is the principle behind acid-fast staining?

A

Resistance to decolorization by acid-alcohol

48
Q

Which specific acid is responsible for the acid-fast property of mycobacteria?

A

Mycolic acid

49
Q

What medium besides LJ is used for culturing Mycobacterium species?

A

Middlebrook 7H9 broth, Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 agars

50
Q

Who introduced the genus Mycobacterium into scientific literature?

A

Lehmann and Neumann in 1896

51
Q

What is the most distinctive feature of the genus Mycobacterium?

A

Lipid-rich cell envelope conferring acid-fastness

52
Q

Name the pathogens in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

A

M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. caprae

53
Q

What does the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method detect?

A

Acid-fast bacilli, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis

54
Q

What is the incubation period of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae?

A

2-7 years, usually 3-5 years

55
Q

Which type of staining technique is used for Mycobacterium species?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining

56
Q

How do Mycobacteria appear under Ziehl-Neelsen stain?

A

Pink, slender, rod-shaped bacilli

57
Q

What is the generation time of Mycobacterium leprae?

A

12-13 days

58
Q

Which mycobacterial species is motile within macrophages?

A

Mycobacterium marinum

59
Q

What temperature range is optimal for Mycobacterium species growth?

A

25-45°C depending on the species

60
Q

What is the primary feature of the mycobacterial cell wall?

A

It contains a thick, mycolic acid-rich cell wall

61
Q

What medium is specifically used to culture Mycobacterium species?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium

62
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

63
Q

Which component of the immune system is involved in controlling latent TB infection?

A

Granuloma formation

64
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of Mycobacterium colonies in liquid cultures?

A

Twisted, rope-like structures called serpentine cords

65
Q

What is the primary method used for rapid identification of Mycobacterium species?

A

Molecular methods such as PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing

66
Q

Which stain technique does not require heating for staining Mycobacterium?

A

Kinyoun stain

67
Q

Which group of mycobacteria are considered non-tuberculous?

A

M. avium, M. kansasii, M. abscessus

68
Q

What is the primary site of infection for pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

The lungs

69
Q

What disease does Mycobacterium leprae cause?

A

Leprosy

70
Q

What is a key clinical sign of leprosy?

A

Skin lesion with anesthesia

71
Q

Which method of TB transmission is most common?

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person

72
Q

How long can it take for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to form visible colonies on culture media?

A

2-8 weeks

73
Q

Which immune response is predominant in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?

A

Th1-dominant adaptive immune response

74
Q

What is the role of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium species?

A

They make the cell wall waxy, hydrophobic, and resistant to chemicals

75
Q

Which mycobacterium is known for causing Pott’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

76
Q

What are some non-culture methods for identifying Mycobacteria?

A

GeneXpert, Lateral Flow Assay, Line Probe Assay

77
Q

What is the causative agent of lepromatous leprosy?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

78
Q

What is the Runyon classification based on?

A

Growth rate and pigment production of Mycobacterium species

79
Q

What is the typical treatment regimen for tuberculosis?

A

Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol

80
Q

What characteristic distinguishes rapidly growing mycobacteria from others?

A

Visible colonies form in less than 7 days

81
Q

What is the purpose of using malachite green in Lowenstein-Jensen medium?

A

To inhibit the growth of contaminants

82
Q

What clinical form of TB affects the spine?

A

Pott’s disease

83
Q

Which organisms can also show acid-fastness besides Mycobacteria?

A

Rhodococcus spp., Nocardia spp., Legionella micdadei

84
Q

What is a key feature of cavitation in tuberculosis?

A

Liquefied granulomas release bacteria into the bronchial tree

85
Q

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis appear on an acid-fast stain?

A

Pink slender rods

86
Q

What factors contribute to Mycobacterium’s resistance to many disinfectants?

A

Its complex, lipid-rich cell wall

87
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of active pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Cough >3 weeks, weight loss, fever, night sweats

88
Q

What is the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method also known as?

A

The hot method of acid-fast staining

89
Q

Which staining technique is used for the diagnosis of leprosy?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining

90
Q

What environmental sources commonly contain non-tuberculous mycobacteria?

A

Surface water, tap water, and soil

91
Q

What is the typical growth rate for slowly growing mycobacteria?

A

More than 7 days to form visible colonies

92
Q

Which group of Mycobacteria are known to grow on blood agar?

A

Rapidly growing mycobacteria

93
Q

Which mycobacterium species grows better in reduced oxygen tension?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

94
Q

What are the primary drugs used to treat leprosy?

A

Dapsone, Clofazimine, Rifampicin

95
Q

What are the two extreme clinical forms of leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy (TT) and Lepromatous leprosy (LL)

96
Q

What is the principle behind acid-fast staining?

A

Resistance to decolorization by acid-alcohol

97
Q

Which specific acid is responsible for the acid-fast property of mycobacteria?

A

Mycolic acid

98
Q

What medium besides LJ is used for culturing Mycobacterium species?

A

Middlebrook 7H9 broth, Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 agars

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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