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Mycology and Virology > Mycetoma and other Subcutaneous Mycoses > Flashcards

Mycetoma and other Subcutaneous Mycoses Flashcards

1
Q

Fungal infections involving the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle and may extend to bone.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

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2
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses are initiated by ________ to the skin.

A

trauma

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3
Q

Fungal infections involving the ________, ________________, and __________ and may extend to ________.

A

dermis
subcutaneous tissues
muscle
bone

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4
Q

Difficult to treat and surgical intervention is frequently employed.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

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5
Q

It is a chronic, granulomatous disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which sometimes involves muscle and bones.

A

Mycetoma

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6
Q

Mycetoma is characterized by _________, ____________, and _______________ that exude characteristic grains of clumped organisms.

A

swelling
abscess formation
multiple draining sinuses

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7
Q

Mycetoma typically affects the ____________, but also other areas of the body like ______, ______, and _______.

A

lower extremities
hand
back
neck

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8
Q

Mycetoma was first described in the ____________ of _________.

A

Madura district (Madura foot)
India

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9
Q

Mycetoma is endemic in?

A

tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions

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10
Q

Mycetoma is endemic in these places:

A

Sudan
Senegal
Somalia
India
Pakistan
Mexico
Venezuela

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11
Q

Mycetoma is more common in men or women?

A

Men

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12
Q

Mycetoma is common in men than in women with a ratio of?

A

3:1

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13
Q

Mycetoma is common in people who work in _________ as ________.

A

rural areas
farmers

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14
Q

Why are men more affected by mycetoma than women?

A

Since men usually work as farmers, this infection is most likely caused by trauma to the skin which is why they are more prone than women.

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15
Q

Mycetoma is acquired via _______________.

A

trauma of the skin

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16
Q

During trauma,
1. ________ subcutaneous firm _______ is observed.
2. massive swelling with skin rupture and _____________.
3. old sinuses close and new ones open, draining exudates with _______.

A

painless
nodule
sinus tract formation
grains (granules)

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17
Q

Mycetoma is classified as ___________ and ____________.

A

Eumycetoma
Actinomycetoma

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18
Q

It is caused by a several mould (filaments) fungi.

A

Eumycetoma

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19
Q

It is caused by aerobic filamentous bacteria gram positive.

A

Actinomycetoma

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20
Q

Most common eumycetoma

A

Madurella mycetomatis
Madurella grisea
Pseudallescheria boydii

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21
Q

Most common actinomycetoma

A

Actinomadura madurae
Streptomyces somaliensis
Nocardia brasiliensis

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22
Q

Color of grains in eumycetoma

A

Black/white

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23
Q

Color of grains in actinomycetoma

A

Yellow
White
Yellowish-brown
Pinkish-red

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24
Q

What color is not present in actinomycetoma?

A

Black

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25
Q

Clinical samples in mycetoma:

A

Biopsy tissue
Pus with grains
Blood

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26
Q

This type of biopsy is more accurate as clinical sample since superficial samples of the draining sinuses are inadequate.

A

Deep biopsy

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27
Q

This clinical sample is only used for serology.

A

Blood

28
Q

In direct microscopic examinationof mycetoma, what are observed in grains?

A

size of the filaments
color

29
Q

What is the color of grains that indicate P. boydii, Nocardia spp., or A. madurae infection.

A

White-yellow

30
Q

What color of grains that indicate Madurella spp. infection?

A

Black

31
Q

Culture media used for mycetoma to isolate fungi.

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)

32
Q

For ____________, biochemical and other tests are used for identification.

A

Actinomycetes

33
Q

Why is deep biopsy more accurate than a superficial biopsy?

A

Because the superficial layer of the skin may contain mixed microbe at least the normal flora.

34
Q

__________ is suggested for several months or years.

A

Therapy

35
Q

Eumycetoma or actinomycetoma: which respond better to treatment?

A

Actinomycetoma

36
Q

This test is used if bone involvement is suspected.

A

Radiologic tests

37
Q

Treatment for eumycetoma

A

Itraconazole

38
Q

Treatment for actinomycetoma

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

39
Q

Treatment for actinomycetoma is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with either _______ or __________.

A

dapsone
streptomycin

40
Q

Dapsone is more common and is required to be given _________.

A

Intravenously

41
Q

It is a chronic localized firm subcutaneous masses.

A

Subcutaneous zygomycosis

42
Q

Subcutaneous zygomycosis typically affects the:

A

facial area
hand
arm
leg
thigh

43
Q

Characteristic feature of subcutaneous zygomycosis

A

Necrosis

44
Q

What differentiates subcutaneous zygomycosis from mycetoma?

A

No abscess or sinuses

45
Q

Subcutaneous zygomycosis is acquired via ____________________, needle-stick, tattooing, contaminated surgical dressings, and burn wound.

A

traumatic implantation of spores

46
Q

____________ (acute) subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by __________, ____________.

A

Mucorales
Rhiceos
Mucos

47
Q

_____________ (chronic) subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by ____________, _______________.

A

Entomophthorales
Conidiobolus coronatus
Basidiobolus ranarun

48
Q

Direct microscopy for subcutaneous zygomycosis, in stained sections/smears:

A

Broad non-septate hyphae

49
Q

Treatment for subcutaneous zygomycosis

A

Amphotericin B

50
Q

Is a group of fungal infections caused by dematiaceous (darkly pigmented) fungi widely distributed in the environment.

A

Phaeohyphomycosis

51
Q

Presents as nodules or erythematous plaques with no systematic involvement

A

Phaeohyphomycosis

52
Q

Affected sites for phaeohyphomycosis

A

Thigh
Legs
Feet
Arms

53
Q

Phaeohyphomycosis shows _____ septate fungal hyphae.

A

brown

54
Q

Why does direct microscopy of phaeohyphomycosis shows brown septate fungal hyphae?

A

Because it is caused by dematiaceous which are darkly pigmented fungi.

55
Q

Clinical specimens used for phaeohyphomycosis?

A

Pus
Biopsy tissue

56
Q

Treatment of choice for phaeohyphomycosis?

A

Surgical excision of the lesion

57
Q

It is a subcutaneous, deep cutaneous or systemic fungal infection.

A

Sporotrichosis

58
Q

Sporotrichosis can present as:

A

Plaque
Lymphanginitic
Dissiminated

59
Q

Dimorphic fungus

A

Sporothrix schenckii

60
Q

Finger-like yeast cells or cigar shaped

A

Sporotrichosis

61
Q

Treatment of sporotrichosis

A

Itraconazole
Potassium Iodide

62
Q

Obligatory parasitic fungus of rhinosporidiosis

A

Rhinosporidium seeberi

63
Q

Obligatory parasitic fungus of lobomycosis

A

Lacazia loboi

64
Q

Spherules with endospores

A

Rhinosporidiosis

65
Q

Muriform cells (sclerotic bodies)

A

Chromoblastomycosis

66
Q

Chains of yeast cells

A

Lobomycosis

67
Q

Uncommon and not as isolated clinical problem

A

Bone and joint infections

Mycology and Virology (2 decks)

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