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END OF YEARS 🥵🔥☀️ > MY Science 🧪 > Flashcards

MY Science 🧪 Flashcards

1
Q

what are homozygous alleles?

A

alleles which are the same

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2
Q

what is the human male sex cell?

A

sperm

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3
Q

stages of selective breeding?

A
  1. two parents with desired characteristic
  2. breed together
  3. choose offspring with desired characteristic
  4. breed together
  5. repeat over many generations
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4
Q

which type of variation is scar on your arm?

A

environmental

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5
Q

two disadvantages of selective breeding?

A
  • ‘inbreeding’
  • more likely to be susceptible to diseases
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6
Q

forms of each gene we inherit?

A

two forms called alleles
one from each parent

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7
Q

what does GMO stand for

A

genetically modified organism

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8
Q

function of cell membrane?

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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9
Q

recessive genetic disorder?

A

a genetic disorder where the individual has two faulty alleles
one from each parent

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10
Q

when an egg and sperm cell fuse it’s called…

A

fertilisation

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11
Q

female sex cell?

A

egg

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12
Q

normal human body amount of chromosomes

A

46

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13
Q

how is DNA arranged in the nuclei of cells?

A

strands called chromosomes

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14
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic

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15
Q

what is the function of the nucleus of a cell?

A

contains the DNA (chromosomes)

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16
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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17
Q

what is an allele?

A

a different form of a gene. (eg. gene is eye colour, alleles might be brown, blue or green)

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18
Q

what does heterozygous alleles mean?

A

two different alleles

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19
Q

what sex chromosomes has a male inherited?

A

XY

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20
Q

what sex chromosomes has a woman inherited

A

XX

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21
Q

in a human sex cell how many chromosomes?

A

23

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22
Q

what are the two types of variation effecting phenotype?

A

genetic and environmental variation

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23
Q

how is blood type inherited?

A

genetically

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24
Q

what is a genetic disorder?

A

caused by a faulty gene or chromosome

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25
Q

what is a dominant genetic disorder?

A

a genetic disorder where the individual only needs to inherit one faulty allele to get the disorder.

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26
Q

selective breeding?

A

humans choose parents to breed together because they have desirable characteristics and are likely to produce similar offspring

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27
Q

two advantages of breeding crops by selective breeding?

A
  • different patterns on plants (decoration)
  • increased yield
28
Q

two advantages of breeding animals by selective breeding?

A
  • increased milk/meat yield (profit)
  • domesticated animals with gentle nature (pets)
29
Q

what does genetic engineering involve?

A

changing the genes of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

30
Q

what are the stages of genetic engineering?

A

1) select desired characteristic (eg. insulin gene)
2) isolate the gene responsible for the characteristic (using enzymes)
3) insert the gene into another organism (eg. bacterium)
4) replicate the organism

31
Q

2 advantages of genetic engineering?

A
  • enhanced nutrient composition
  • improved resistance to pesticides
32
Q

2 disadvantages of genetic engineering?

A
  • inserted genes may have side effects
  • possible harm when the GM crops are eaten by humans/ other animals
33
Q

what is cloning?

A

making a genetically identical copy of an individual

34
Q

what are the 2 types of clone that can be produced?

A

natural cloning and artificial cloning

35
Q

give an example of natural cloning in animals

A

identical twins

36
Q

2 advantages of cloning

A
  • can produce offspring with desirable characteristics
  • study of clones could help treat/cure certain diseases
37
Q

How is average rate of reaction calculated?

A

Quantity of reactant used / time
or
Quantity of reactant formed / time

38
Q

What are 4 ways to speed up a reaction?

A
  • Surface area
  • catalyst
  • greater concentration
  • temperature
39
Q

What causes a reaction?

A

Molecules with enough energy and hitting the other reactive molecule sucessfully colliding.

40
Q

What causes a reaction to not happen?

A
  • Reactants move too slowly
  • reactants not facing the right way
41
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

The amount of energy needed for a sucessful collision to occur.

42
Q

How to calculate rate of reaction at a certain point?

A

Use a tangent with equal distance away from the curve on either side and divide height by base

43
Q

How to find the rate of reaction on a graph?

A

1) Find the time taken until the reaction was complete
2) find the amount of product lost
3) divide the amount of product lost by the time

44
Q

Why is a reaction fastest at the start?

A

more reactant particles are present at the start so there are more successful collisions

45
Q

Why does a reaction stop?

A

One of the reactants has fully reacted or doesn’t have the energy required to reach the activation energy.

46
Q

Why does increasing the temperature also increase the rate of reaction?

A
  • particles have more kinetic energy therefore more reach the activation energy
  • they collide more often due to moving faster
47
Q

what is collision theory?

A

the theory that chemical reactions only happen when reactant particles collide with sufficient energy.

48
Q

why does surface area affect rate of reaction?

A

more particles are exposed with the smaller pieces of solid reactants, therefore more frequent collisions

49
Q

what is an independant variable?

A

a variable that you change to get different results

50
Q

what is a dependant variable?

A

the variable you are measuring

51
Q

what is a control variable

A

the variable you keep the same

52
Q

how does a catalyst work?

A

provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy

53
Q

what does a higher concentration do to rate of reaction?

A

more frequent collisions, because there are more reactant particles per dm3 than a lower concentration

54
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a substance that can increase the rate of a reaction without being used up itself.

55
Q

what is the structure of dna?

A

double helix

56
Q

what is the name of the cell formed when a sperm fuses with an egg cell?

A

zygote

57
Q

where are sperm cells produced?

A

the testes

58
Q

where are egg cells produced?

A

the ovaries

59
Q

what is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

in asexual there is an genetically identical copy of a single parent. in sexual reproduction both parents contribute genetic information

60
Q

use a genetic diagram to show how two of their children came to have _______

A

1) draw the diagram
2) explain the diagram
3) show genotype, phenotype, chance of having ____, chance of not having ________

61
Q

what is genotype?

A

the pairs of alleles possible *Dd, dd, Dd, dd

62
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

the result of the characteristic shown *Brown, Blue, Brown, Blue

63
Q

which apparatus is used to measure liquids?

A

measuring cylinder

64
Q

what does cotton wool do for an experiment?

A

stops water getting out

65
Q

iheddi

A

END OF YEARS 🥵🔥☀️ (12 decks)

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