My Lab and Mastering Flashcards
During pulmonary ventilation, air moves from:
Lower to higher pressure
Higher to lower volume
Higher to lower pressure
Lower to higher volume
Higher to lower pressure
The pressure inside lung alveoli is called:
Atmospheric pressure
Intrapleural pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Interpulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
If the atmospheric pressure is 700 mm Hg, the intrapulmonary pressure that will result in inspiration is:
698 mm Hg
700 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
702 mm Hg
698 mm Hg
The partial pressure of oxygen inside alveoli is:
45 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
104 mm Hg
104 mm Hg
The Earth atmosphere contains gases such as nitrogen (78.6%), oxygen (20.9%), argon (0.9%), and carbon dioxide (0.04%). Which of these gases will have the highest partial pressure?
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Argon
Nitrogen
Blood send to the tissue via the arterial systemic circulation is the same blood as:
Pulmonary arterial blood
Blood inside alveoli
Pulmonary venous blood
Hypoxygenated Arterial venous blood
Pulmonary venous blood
Which of the following is one of the ways carbon dioxide is transported by blood?
It is converted to plasma.
It is converted to bicarbonate.
It is converted to hemoglobin.
It is converted to oxygen.
It is converted to bicarbonate.
On the Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve below, oxygen partial pressure of 35 mm Hg corresponds to:
65% hemoglobin saturation
25% hemoglobin saturation
25% of hemoglobin unloaded its oxygen to tissues
75% of hemoglobin unloaded its oxygen to tissues
25% of hemoglobin unloaded its oxygen to tissues
How many oxygen molecules can bind to each heme?
4
1
3
2
1
Predict the possible effect of a carbon anhydrase inhibitor on the ability of blood to transport gases.
Blood will transport less oxygen.
Blood will transport more carbon dioxide.
Blood will transport more oxygen.
Blood will transport less carbon dioxide.
Blood will transport less carbon dioxide.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissues is:
100 mm Hg
45 mm Hg
104 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
45 mm Hg
During tissue gas exchange, oxygen diffuses:
From tissue to blood
From alveoli to blood
From blood to alveoli
From blood to tissue
From blood to tissue
During inhalation,
oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.
air moves up the trachea.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
the diaphragm relaxes.
the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Bronchi
Nose
Trachea
Alveoli
Which statement is correct?
As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.
Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body’s cells.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs.
it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body’s cells with oxygen.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
Hemoglobin
has five subunits.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
is the site of cellular respiration.
is found in blood plasma.
uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______.
CO2 ; pulmonary capillaries
O2 ; pulmonary cavities
O2 ; alveoli
CO2 ; alveoli
CO2 ; alveoli
Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2 , why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2 , ?
CO2 is a smaller molecule and diffuses faster than O2.
CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.
The capillary walls are more permeable to CO2 than O2
CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.
How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?
The partial pressures of O2 and CO2 would remain unchanged.
The partial pressure of O2 would increase, and the partial pressure of CO2 would decrease.
The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.
The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.
Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?
Both O2 and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
O2 would diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries and CO2 would diffuse into the alveoli.
O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
O2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries, and CO2 would diffuse into the cells.
O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?
the molecular weight of the gas
partial pressure of the gases
available surface area
rate of blood flow through the tissue
the molecular weight of the gas
Which statement is correct?
The greater the available surface area the lower the amount of gas exchange during internal respiration.
During external respiration, oxygen is unloaded from the blood.
During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.
During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?
The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas.
How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm and external intercostals
internal intercostals and external oblique
diaphragm and internal intercostals
diaphragm and external intercostals
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
intrapulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure
intrapleural pressure
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?
acetylcholine (ACh)
histamine
epinephrine
an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?
lungs will inflate
lungs will collapse
lung volume will stay the same
lungs will collapse
Which of the following is one of the ways carbon dioxide is transported by blood?
It is converted to oxygen.
It is converted to bicarbonate.
It is converted to plasma.
It is converted to hemoglobin.
It is converted to bicarbonate.
Predict the possible effect of a carbon anhydrase inhibitor on the ability of blood to transport gases.
Blood will transport less carbon dioxide.
Blood will transport more oxygen.
Blood will transport less oxygen.
Blood will transport more carbon dioxide.
Blood will transport less carbon dioxide.
One hemoglobin can bind a maximum of ___ oxygen(s).
1
2
3
4
4
According to the graph, hemoglobin is 25% saturated at PO2 of:
15 mm Hg.
25 mm Hg.
35 mm Hg.
100 mm Hg.
As hemoglobin saturation decreases:
the partial pressure of oxygen increases.
the same amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin.
more oxygen binds to hemoglobin.
more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
What homeostatic disturbances would you expect to see with diseases of the respiratory system?
Aldosterone levels
blood pressures
pH imbalance
All the above are correct.
All the above are correct.
Which of the following is not one of the functions of the respiratory system?
assist with the flow of arterial blood
produce speech and vocalizations
maintain acid-base balance
olfaction
assist with the flow of arterial blood
Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the:
upper respiratory tract.
larynx.
conducting zone.
respiratory zone.
respiratory zone.
Houses nasal conchae to enhance turbulence for filtering air
alveoli
bronchioles
pharynx
larynx
bronchi
trachea
nasal cavity
nasal cavity
Prevents food and liquid from entering the rest of the respiratory tract
alveoli
trachea
pharynx
bronchi
larynx
nasal cavity
bronchioles
larynx
The smallest airways of the bronchial tree
pharynx
nasal cavity
larynx
bronchioles
alveoli
bronchi
trachea
bronchioles
Simple squamous epithelium creates these air sacs
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
bronchioles
trachea
alveoli
bronchi
alveoli
Transports air from the larynx into the lower respiratory tract
pharynx
bronchi
trachea
bronchioles
larynx
alveoli
nasal cavity
trachea
The first branches of the trachea
bronchi
nasal cavity
trachea
larynx
alveoli
pharynx
bronchioles
bronchi
Carina is the last ring of this organ
pharynx
larynx
alveoli
nasal cavity
bronchi
trachea
bronchioles
trachea
Three regions are the naso-, oro-, and laryngo-
alveoli
pharynx
bronchi
larynx
nasal cavity
trachea
bronchioles
pharynx
What sweeps foreign debris from the lower respiratory passages?
gap junctions
flagella
microvilli
cilia
cilia
Which epithelium forms the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?
overinflation
inhalation
burst
collapse
collapse
Which of the following muscles is involved in normal quiet inspiration?
abdominal muscles
external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
parietal pleura
external intercostal muscles
What statement best describes tidal volume?
Tidal volume is the air exhaled after normal inspiration.
Tidal volume is the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration.
Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.
Tidal volume is the air forcibly expelled after normal expiration.
Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately:
45 mm Hg.
50 mm Hg.
70 mm Hg.
35 mm Hg.
45 mm Hg.
As hemoglobin saturation decreases:
the partial pressure of oxygen increases.
more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
the same amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin.
more oxygen binds to hemoglobin.
more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
Which of the following will cause hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen?
increase in blood pH
decrease in temperature
decrease in PCO2
increase in BPG
increase in BPG
A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports:
4 molecules of oxygen.
8 molecules of oxygen.
2 molecules of oxygen.
1 molecule of oxygen.
4 molecules of oxygen.
Respiratory acidosis results from:
hypocapnia.
hypoventilation.
hyperventilation.
hypoxia.
hypoventilation
Which process of respiration relies on pressure gradients to move air in and out of the lungs?
both pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange
gas transport
both gas transport and pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary ventilation
Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in __________.
PCO2
PO2
hydrogen ion concentration
hemoglobin concentration
PCO2
What is typical of restrictive lung diseases?
decreased efficiency of expiration
increased vital capacity
decreased alveolar surface tension
decreased pulmonary compliance
decreased pulmonary compliance
Which of the following diseases is characterized by loss of alveolar surface area __________.
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
pulmonary embolism
asthma
emphysema
In what order does air inhaled through the nose travel, from superior to inferior?
nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Gas exchange occurs in all of the following EXCEPT:
alveolar ducts.
terminal bronchioles.
respiratory bronchioles.
alveolar sacs.
terminal bronchioles.
A patient is suffering from type II tracheomalacia, a rare disease in which the hyaline cartilage degenerates in the trachea. What consequences may this patient encounter?
Difficulty in pushing food down into the stomach, as the trachea may impede the food from entering the stomach
The collapse of the lungs
The difficulty of inspiring air into the alveoli
The decrease in lung compliance
The difficulty of inspiring air into the alveoli
Compared to bronchi, bronchioles have __________.
more mucus
more smooth muscle
more cartilage
larger diameter
more smooth muscle
What does Boyle’s law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?
Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase.
Pressure increases when volume decreases.
Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together.
Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease.
Pressure increases when volume decreases
What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?
degree of alveolar surface tension
diameter of the conducting zone passageways
presence of surfactant
elasticity of the lung tissues
diameter of the conducting zone passageways
Alveolar surface tension determines lung compliance.
True
False
True
There will be __________ carbon dioxide dissolved in water at a partial pressure of 45 mm Hg than at a partial pressure of 40 mm Hg.
more
less
the same amount
cannot be determined by the information given
more
Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
gas solubility in water
partial pressure gradient
molecular weight of the gas molecule
temperature
partial pressure gradient
The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as:
Henry’s law.
Boyle’s law.
ventilation-perfusion matching.
partial pressure.
ventilation-perfusion matching.
Each of the following factors affects the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange EXCEPT:
diameter of an alveolus.
surface area of the respiratory membrane.
partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries.
thickness of the respiratory membrane.
diameter of an alveolus.
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:
nitric acid.
carbonic acid.
hydrochloric acid.
carbaminohemoglobin.
carbonic acid.
An increase in blood PCO2 will cause __________.
decrease in blood PO2
hypoventilation
decrease in blood hydrogen ion concentration
decrease in blood pH
decrease in blood pH
The neurons that control the basic rhythm for breathing are located in the __________.
pons
DRG
RPG
VRG
RPG
Cigarette smoke destroys the cilia of the respiratory epithelium. Why would this create a cough seen with chronic bronchitis?
Cilia makes the mucus less viscous and must be relied upon coughing to loosen up the thick mucus.
Mucus is no longer carried down into the alveolar space, so it must be coughed up.
Coughing will allow mucus to expel, whereas the cilia could have increased surface area to absorb excess mucus buildup.
Coughing decreases the diameter of the respiratory tract, thus allowing air pressure to expel out the mucus.
Coughing decreases the diameter of the respiratory tract, thus allowing air pressure to expel out the mucus.
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?Considering the role of the chemoreceptor in the regulation of the respiration rate, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is:
partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in venous blood.
partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arterial blood.
partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary capillaries.
partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in systemic capillaries.
partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arterial blood.
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
pharynx
trachea
nose
larynx
trachea
What is part of the respiratory zone?
nasal cavity
alveoli
nose
trachea
alveoli
The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is:
pulmonary ventilation.
pulmonary gas exchange.
tissue gas exchange.
gas transport.
pulmonary ventilation.
Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the:
upper respiratory tract.
larynx.
respiratory zone.
conducting zone.
respiratory zone.
Houses nasal conchae to enhance turbulence for filtering air
alveoli
nasal cavity
pharynx
bronchi
bronchioles
trachea
larynx
nasal cavity
Prevents food and liquid from entering the rest of the respiratory tract
pharynx
trachea
larynx
bronchioles
nasal cavity
alveoli
bronchi
larynx
The smallest airways of the bronchial tree
alveoli
trachea
nasal cavity
larynx
bronchioles
pharynx
bronchi
bronchioles
Simple squamous epithelium creates these air sacs
bronchi
larynx
nasal cavity
alveoli
pharynx
bronchioles
trachea
alveoli
Transports air from the larynx into the lower respiratory tract
nasal cavity
bronchioles
alveoli
pharynx
trachea
bronchi
larynx
trachea
The first branches of the trachea
trachea
bronchioles
larynx
bronchi
nasal cavity
alveoli
pharynx
bronchi
Carina is the last ring of this organ
trachea
bronchioles
nasal cavity
alveoli
bronchi
pharynx
larynx
trachea
Three regions are the naso-, oro-, and laryngo-
pharynx
alveoli
nasal cavity
larynx
bronchi
bronchioles
trachea
pharynx
What is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth?
The nose provides a site for initial gas exchange.
The nose provides a more direct route over which air will travel.
The nose is a less turbulent environment than the mouth.
The nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.
The nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.
What is the function of the goblet cells?
secrete mucus
detect odors
maintain acid-base balance
produce speech
secrete mucus
The majority of the nasal cavity is lined with:
simple cuboidal epithelium.
simple squamous epithelium.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
transitional epithelium.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Which epithelium forms the alveoli?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
What reduces friction around the lungs as they expand and contract?
mucus
surfactant
pleural fluid
synovial fluid
pleural fluid
What does Boyle’s law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?
Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase.
Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease.
Pressure increases when volume decreases.
Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together.
Pressure increases when volume decreases.
What part of the following description is INCORRECT?
Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to increased volume in the thoracic cavity and the lungs. The increase in volume leads to an increase in intrapulmonary pressure causing air to move into the lungs.
Increased volume and decreased pressure cause air to leave the lungs, rather than enter the lungs.
The relaxation, not contraction, of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to inhalation.
The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in volume, not an increase in volume.
Increases in volume lead to a decrease in pressure, not an increase in pressure.
Increases in volume lead to a decrease in pressure, not an increase in pressure.
What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?
burst
collapse
overinflation
inhalation
collapse
Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg.
inhalation
exhalation
no air movement
atelectasis
inhalation
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:
greater than atmospheric pressure.
less than intrapleural pressure.
equal to atmospheric pressure.
less than atmospheric pressure.
greater than atmospheric pressure.
Which of the following is a factor on which expiration depends?
decrease in intrapulmonary pressure
increase in lung volume
recoil of elastic tissue in the lungs
contraction of expiratory muscles
recoil of elastic tissue in the lungs
Surfactant helps prevent atelectasis by humidifying air before it enters the alveoli.
True
False
False
Which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure?
Dalton’s law
Henry’s law
Boyle’s law
Charles’ law
Dalton’s law
Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
molecular weight of the gas molecule
gas solubility in water
temperature
partial pressure gradient
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately:
50 mm Hg.
45 mm Hg.
35 mm Hg.
70 mm Hg.
45 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in a pulmonary capillary is about 40 mm Hg. Determine the partial pressure that will promote movement of oxygen into the pulmonary capillary from air in the alveolus.
35 mm Hg
18 mm Hg
104 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
104 mm Hg
How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma
as carbonic acid in the plasma
bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports:
8 molecules of oxygen.
4 molecules of oxygen.
1 molecule of oxygen.
2 molecules of oxyge
4 molecules of oxygen.
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases with:
increased body temperature.
increased hydrogen ion concentration.
decreased BPG (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate).
increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
decreased BPG (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate).
What would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
decreased temperature
decreased pH
decreased levels of BPG (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate)
decreased levels of PCO2
decreased pH
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported:
as carbaminohemoglobin.
as carbonic acid.
dissolved in plasma.
as the bicarbonate ion.
as the bicarbonate ion.
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:
carbonic acid.
hydrochloric acid.
carbaminohemoglobin.
nitric acid.
carbonic acid.
What is NOT true of the effects of hypoventilation?
partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood increases
blood pH decreases
hydrogen ion concentration in the blood decreases
carbonic acid concentration in the blood increases
hydrogen ion concentration in the blood decreases
