224 Flashcards
The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the
trachea
pharynx
bronchiole
laryngeal folds
Trachea
The site of gas exchange with the lungs are the
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
terminal sacs
Alveoli
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive system is the
larvnx
glottis
vestibule
pharynx
carina
Pharynx
Type II pneumocytes secrete a detergent-like substance which helps maintain surface tension is
lecithin
bile
surtacrant
all of the above
none or the above
None of the above
Within the alveoli, phagocytosis is the function of the
type I pneumocytes
type Il pneumocytes
dust cells
Clara cells
dust cells
Olfactory receptors are located on the
floor of the pharynx
roof of the nasopharynx
roof of the oral cavity
roof of the nasal cavity
roof of the nasal cavity
The Eustachian tubes open into the
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
inner ear
fauces
nasopharynx
Which of the following statements is most correct for the trachea?
The trachea is lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The trachea has “C” shaped cartilages that form its anterior surface
The trachea bifurcates to form the bronchioles
The trachea collapses when not in used
The trachea has “C” shaped cartilages that form its anterior surface
All of the following functions are associated with the nasal cavity EXCEPT
Filtering the air
warming the air and humidifying the air
acts as a reservoir during coughing
resonating chamber in speech
acts as a reservoir during coughing
Which of the following statement is most correct?
The thyroid cartilage is also known as the Adam’s apple
The trachea is also known as the windpipe
The hilus is a region where the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs
All of the above
None of the above
All of the above
All of the following statements are incorrect for the conducting zone EXCEPT
Structurally, it is comprised of alveolar ducts and alveoli
the respiratory tree is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
it is primary involved in perfusion
it is involved in the movement of gas between the blood and the tissue
the respiratory tree is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
The lungs are enclosed by the
diaphragm
sternum
pleural membranes
none of the above
pleural membranes
The volume of air moved in and out with each breath is called the
vital capacity
tidal volume
residual volume
dead space
none of the above
tidal volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful exhalation is called the
vital capacity
tidal volume
residual volume
dead space
none of the above
residual volume
Contraction of the diaphragm
increases the thoracic volume
decreases the thoracic volume
decreases the lung volume
expiration occurs
increases the thoracic volume
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood
movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Which of the following conditions will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
decreased pH
decreased temperature
decreased pH.
decreased 2,3 DPG
decreased H*
decreased pH
The trachea are lined by what epithelium.
stratified squamous
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
pseudostratified columnar ciliated
pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Which of the following statements is most correct for inspiration?
The diaphragm and rib muscles contract
Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
The lungs expand and air rushes inward
All of the above
All of the above
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is governed by
gravity
blood pressure
partial pressure of the individual gases
active transport
partial pressure of the individual gases
Contraction of the diaphragm
decreases alveolar pressure
decreases the thoracic volume
decreases the lung volume
decreases compliance
decreases alveolar pressure
The majority of carbon dioxide carried from the tissues to the lungs in the bloodstream is transported as
carboxyhemoglobin
bicarbonate
dissolved CO2
carbonic acid
bicarbonate
Damage to the primary respiratory center which is located in the will result in cessation of breathing.
alveoli
medulla oblongata
pleural center
diaphragmatic center
medulla oblongata
Hyperventilation will- most likely results in
hypercapnia
hypocapnia
Eucapnia
none of the above
hypocapnia
Which of the following statement is correct for oxygen transport?
Most is dissolved in solution
Most is bound to plasma protein
Most is bound to heme
None of the above
Most is bound to heme
Cyanosis (bluish or purplish tinge to the skin) secondary to pulmonary edema results from
decreased pulmonary ventilation
increased alveolar perfusion
decreased alveolar perfusion
increased intrapulmonary pressure
decreased alveolar perfusion
The primary, i.e., most common, epithelium of the alveoli is
Type I pneumocyte, simple cuboidal type
Type I pneumocyte, surfactant producing type
Type I pneumocyte, dust cell type
Type I pneumocyte, simple squamous type
Type I pneumocyte, simple squamous type
On expiration,pressure in the thoracic cavity causes air to leave the lungs.
increased
decreased
vacuum
hydraulic
increased
According to Boyle’s law, the relationship between volume and pressure is
directly proportional
inversely proportional
proportional
Only A & C are correct
inversely proportional
Arterial blood entering the tissues has a PO2 = 100 mm Hg and a PCO2 = 40 mm Hg. Venous blood leaving the tissues has a PO2 = and a PCO2 =_ mm Hg.
One-hundred; forty-five (100, 45)
Forty-five; forty (45, 40)
Forty; forty-five (40, 45)
Twenty; forty-six (20, 46)
One-hundred; forty (100, 40)
Forty; forty-five (40, 45)
In a normal inspiration, the amount of air that is actually available for gas exchange is about
One-hundred and fifty (150)
Three-hundred and fifty (350)
Five-hundred (500)
Six-hundred and fifty (650)
350
Which region of the pharynx is located posterior to the oral cavity and superior to the larynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
None of the above
Oropharynx
speaking, all of the following structures are not lined with simple squamous EXCEPT the
nasopharynx
oropharynx
primary bronchi
alveoli
alveoli
The partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood is approximately
forty (40) mmHg
fifty (50) mmHg
seventy (70) mmHg
one hundred (100) mmHg
40 mmHg
Which of the following events will most likely results in a pneumothorax?
Fluid enters the alveolus
The lung collapses
Air enters the alveolus
Air enters the intrapleural space
Air enters the intrapleural space
If there is an accumulation of acidic products in the plasma, one would expect
an increase in respiration rate
A decrease in respiration rate.
no influence on respiration rate
an increase in residual volume.
apnea.
an increase in respiration rate
Functions of the lung include
gas exchange
acid-base balance
hormone conversion
all of the above
All of the above
Atelectasis (collapse of the lung) in prevented by
high surface tension of alveolar fluid
high surface tension of the pleural fluid
high pressure in the pleural cavities
none of the above
high surface tension of the pleural fluid
All of the following are accessory muscles of respiration EXCEPT the
external intercostals
sternocleidomastoid
rectus abdominus
diaphragm
diaphragm
All of the following are components of the upper respiratory tract EXCEPT the
auditory tube
laryngopharynx
nares
trachea
trachea
All of the following structures are involved in conducting air EXCEPT
primary bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
trachea
alveoli
Dust cells are
alveolar macrophages
Type I pneumocytes
type Il pneumocytes
surfactant producing pneumocytes
alveolar macrophages
Eupnea is
Rapid, shallow breathing
Rapid, deep breathing
Slow, shallow breathing
Slow, deep breathing
Normal breathing
Normal breathing
Laryngitis is an infection or inflammation of the mucosal epithelium of the
Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Larynx
Nasopharynx
None of the above
Larynx
Which of the following conditions will increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
decreased pH
increased temperature
increased 2,3 DPG
Decreased H+
Decreased H+
The normal blood pH is 7.4. If the blood pH is 7.0, which directions will the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts?
This is also known as the Hering-Breuer effect
To the right of baseline
To the left of baseline
It does not shift which such a minute change in pH
There is not enough information to form an answer
To the right of baseline
Inspired air is filtered, warmed, and humidified by all of the following structures EXCEPT the
Alveoli
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Alveoli
Cyanosis (bluish or purplish tinged to the skin) secondary to pulmonary edema results from
decreased pulmonary ventilation
increased alveolar perfusion
decreased alveolar perfusion
increased intrapulmonary pressure
decreased alveolar perfusion
If compliance increases, lung expansion is
• unaffected.
• easier.
• more difficult.
easier
Mr. Jones has a blood pH of 7.00 and a temperature of 100.5°F. His oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would
shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells.
shift to the left, allowing less O2 to be released to his cells.
shift to the right, causing less O2 to be released to his cells.
shift to the left, allowing more O, to be released to his cells.
show no change, allowing the O2 concentration to remain stable.
shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells.
Which of the following factors increases respiratory rate?
• increased blood PCO2
• increased blood pH
• increased blood PO2
decreased hydrogen ions
• all of these
All of the above
The lungs are found within two cavities called the
pleural and abdominal cavities.
pericardial and thoracic cavities.
pleural and thoracic cavities.
pleural and pericardial cavities.
pleural and thoracic cavities.
The thyroid cartilage is commonly known as the
Adam’s apple
Crypt of Leiberkunn
Purkinje cartilage
cartilaginous ossifican
Adam’s apple
The diaphragm is innervated by the
Intercostals nerve
phrenic nerve
internal mammary nerve
azygous nerve
phrenic nerve
Which of the following lung volumes cannot be measured directly?
Tidal volume
Total lung capacity
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Residual volume
As a compensatory (or reflex) mechanism, a decreased in arterial PCO2 will result in
hyperventilation
hypoventilation
no changes in ventilation
hypercapnia
hypoventilation
Ventilation refers to the
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
Gas exchange between the blood and the tissues
Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood
Respiration at the cellular level
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
A protective function of the respiratory system would be
Altering the blood pH by changing the blood CO2 levels
Olfaction by drawing molecules into the nasal cavity
Producing ACE which helps regulate blood pressure
Preventing microorganisms from entering the body
None of the above
Preventing microorganisms from entering the body
Which of the following statements is most correct?
As thoracic volume increases, alveolar pressure increases
In expiration, the thoracic volume increases
Constriction of bronchioles assists breathing
As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases
Pressure is directly proportional to volume
As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases
Mr. Huff and Puff exhales normally; then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called
Expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity
Residual volume
Residual volume
The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the
atmosphere and air in the upper respiratory tract
atmosphere and the alveolar air
alveolar air and the upper respiratory tract
none of the above
atmosphere and the alveolar air
Pressure gradients are established by changes in the
thoracic cavity
abdominal covity
upper respiratory tract
atmosphere
thoracic cavity
The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the
• trachea
• pharynx
• bronchiole
• laryngeal folds
trachea
The site of gas exchange with the lungs are the
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
terminal sacs
alveoli
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood
movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
The partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood is approximately
• Forty (40) mmHg
Fifty (50) mmHg
• Seventy (70) mmHg
• One hundred (100) mmHg
40
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the
apneustic
pneumotaxic
baroreceptor
chemoreceptor
apneustic
The Hering-Breuer reflex
functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure
alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO, changes
protects the lungs from damage due to over-inflation
is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing
protects the lungs from damage due to over-inflation
At the start of the respiratory cycle, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is
equal and opposite
the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
the atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure
the intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
equal and opposite
The respiratory rate times the tidal volume, corrected for dead air, is the
vital capacity
respiratory minute volume
pulmonary ventilation rate
alveolar ventilation rate
alveolar ventilation rate
All of the following functions are incorrect for the nasal conchae EXCEPT
• it divides the nasal cavity into a right and a left side
• it provides an opening into the pharynx
O it provides a surface for the sense of smell
• it creates turbulent airflow to trap small particulates
it creates turbulent airflow to trap small particulates
Which of the following events will most likely results in a pneumothorax?
Fluid enters the alveolus
• The lung collapses
Air enters the alveolus
• Air enters the intrapleural space
Air enters the intrapleural space
All of the following may decrease airway resistance EXCEPT
epinephrine
asthma
corticosteroids
albuterol (a â-receptor agonist)
asthma
Which of the following conditions will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
• decreased pH
decreased temperature
• decreased 2,3 DPG
• decreased H+
decreased pH
Functions of the lung include
gas exchange
• acid-base balance
• regulating hormonal concentration
• all of the above
all of the above
A drug that depresses the activity of the pneumotaxic center would result in
increased respiratory rate
increased tidal volume
a shorter inspiratory cycle
decreased total lung capacity
increased tidal volume
Nicole lives in Washington D.C… She moves to Denver to be near her family. After one week in Denver, what physiological changes would expect to see as Nicole adapts to the higher altitude?
• increased hematocrit
decreased blood pressure
• no changes in PO2 in the blood
no changes in POz in the alveoli
increased hematocrit
An increase in the rate and depth of breathing is known as
hyperventilation
hypercapnia
hypoxia
anoxia
hyperventilation
Atelectasis (collapse of the lung) in prevented by
high surface tension of alveolar fluid
high surface tension of the pleural fluid
high pressure in the pleural cavities
none of the above
high surface tension of the pleural fluid
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive system is the
Larynx
glottis
vestibule
pharynx
carina
pharynx
By definition, pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood
movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space
movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells
movement of air into and out of the lungs
The palatine tonsils are most likely to be found in the walls of the
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
larynx
oropharynx
Hyperventilation will most likely results in
• hypercapnia
• hypocapnia
eucapnia
• none of the above
hypocapnia
The distensibility of the lung
directly proportional to compliance
inversely proportional to transpulmonary pressure
inversely proportional to lung volume
highest in the apex
directly proportional to compliance
Inspired air is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
lungs
alveoli
upper respiratory tract
The larynx is composed of ___ cartilage
Two (2)
• Three (3)
•Six (6)
• Nine (9)
Nine (9)
The majority of carbon dioxide carried from the tissues to the lungs in the bloodstream is transported as
carboxyhemoglobin
• bicarbonate (HCO,*)
dissolved CO2
• carbonic acid (H,CO3)
bicarbonate (HCO,*)
Function of hemoglobin includes
protect the body against infectious agents
aid in the process coagulation
transport nutrients to other cells
carry oxygen
all of the above
carry oxygen
Cyanosis (bluish or purplish tinge to the skin) secondary to pulmonary edema results from
• decreased pulmonary ventilation
increased alveolar perfusion
decreased alveolar perfusion
• increased intrapulmonary pressure
decreased alveolar perfusion
All of the following functions are associated with the nasal cavity EXCEPT
filtering the air
warming the air and humidifying the air
• acts as a reservoir during coughing
• resonating chamber in speech
acts as a reservoir during coughing
Regarding the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve and the Bohr’s effect, which of the following conditions will increase oxygen affir hemoglobin?
pH is low, H* is high, HCO; is low
pH is low, H* is normal, HCO; is low
pH is high, H* is high, HCOs is high
pH is high, H* is low, HCO, is normal
pH is high, H* is low, HCO, is normal
Contraction of the diaphragm
• increases the thoracic volume
• decreases the thoracic volume
decreases the lung volume
• expiration occurs
increases the thoracic volume
Type II pneumocytes secrete a detergent-like substance which helps reduce surface tension is
lecithin
bile
• surfactant
all of the above
• none of the above
surfactant
Which of the following factors is most important in determining the direction of gas movement?
• Temperature
• Molecular weight and size
• Partial pressure gradient
• Solubility in water
Partial pressure gradient
Damage to which of the following would result in cessation of breathing?
• The pneumotaxic center
• The medulla
O The Hering-Breuer Reflex
O The apneustic center
The medulla
Which of the following statement is correct for oxygen transport?
• Most is dissolved in solution
• Most is bound to plasma protein
• Most is bound to heme
None of the above
Most is bound to heme
The intrapleural pressure is ____ than/to the barometric (atmospheric) pressure at the onset of expiration.
less negative
more positive
equal and opposite
less positive
less positive
As a compensatory (or reflex) mechanism, a decreased in PCO2 will result in
• hyperventilation
• hypoventilation
no changes in ventilation
• hypercapnia
hypoventilation
Under normal condition, how many molecules of oxygen may be transported by one molecule of heme?
• One (1)
O TwO (2)
Four (4)
O Eight (8)
One
All of the following are accessory muscles of respiration EXCEPT the
• external intercostals
•sternocleidomastoid
• rectus abdominus
• diaphram
diaphram
Which of the following compound is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Bicarbonate ions
Carbonic acid
Carbon dioxide
A 16 year-old female presents to the ER with a panic attach. She is tachypneic (fast respiratory rate). The initial arterial blood gas would most likely demonstrate
normal pH, normal H, normal HCO3
low pH, normal H, normal HCO;
low pH, high H, normal HCO3
high pH, high H, low HCO3
high pH, low H*, normal to low HCO;
high pH, low H*, normal to low HCO;
A 20-year-old female present to the ER complaining of “ am so nervous, my hands are shaking, and my heart rate is beating so fast, I can feel it.” On exam, she is 5’8” and weights 151 lbs. The remaining physical exam is remarkable for tachycardia, and an enlarged thyroid gland. The resident assigned to the case is an “academic nut” and asked you to calculate this woman’s minute volume (ventilation). Assuming her tidal volume is 500 mL, and her respiratory rate is 20 breathes/min, calculate her minute ventilation. Using the values given above, calculate her alveolar ventilation.
O Three thousand (3.000) ml
O Three thousand seven hundred and fifty (3,750) ml
O Six-five hundred (6,500) ml
• Seven thousand (7,000) ml
Seven thousand (7,000) ml
A detergent-like substance found in the bronchus which helps reduce surface tension is
lecithin
bile
surtactant
all of the above
none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following statements is most correct for the trachea?
The trachea is lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The trachea has “C” shaped cartilages that form its anterior surface
The trachea bifurcates to form the bronchioles
The trachea collapses when not in used
The trachea has “C” shaped cartilages that form its anterior surface
All of the following functions are associated with the nasal cavity EXCEPT
filtering the air
warming the air and humidifying the air
acts as a reservoir during coughing
resonating chamber in speech
acts as a reservoir during coughing
All of the following statements are incorrect for the conducting zone EXCEPT
structurally, it is comprised of alveolar ducts and alveoli
the respiratory tree is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
it is primary involved in perfusion
it is involved in the movement of gas between the blood and the tissue
the respiratory tree is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated
While serving as a medic with the 101st Airborne Division, you were called to treat a fellow soldier who sustained shrapnel wound to the right chest.
The wounded soldier is having difficulty breathing and no breath sound was heard over the right chest. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A collapsed trachea
Bronchopneumonia
Pneumothorax
Decreased surfactant production
Pneumothorax
