My body Flashcards
Mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises, though logically relevant to the conclusion, fail to provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion
Fallacies of insufficient evidence
Some of the rationalists
René Descartes
Baruch Spinoza
Gottfried Leibniz
A form of preliminary judging
Opinion
In order to seek out reality, man must attain full enlightenment; only humans can have the rational quality to become a buddha or the enlightened one
Buddhism
Opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
Rationalism
When an arguer threatens harm to a reader or listener and this threat is irrelevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion
Scare Tactics
A conscious acceptance of a claim without subjective or objective grounds/foundation
Opinion
Among three, it is the most problematic
Opinion
Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
Fallacy of Composition
The will
Universally good
Conscious acceptance of a claim on the basis of a subjective ground but without any objective ground
Belief
A clear understanding or awareness of something
Knowledge
Is a word we all understand, but if we try to explain it we can easily get involved in a maze of confusion
True
A science devoted to the discovery of proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge
Epistemology
Providing arguments
Inference
He believe that humanity cannot dictate future events because thought of the past are limited, compared to the possibilities for the future
David Hume
Usually stated as short statement
Proposition
Believes that the world was created by God, who controls all in this best and most rational of all possible worlds
Gottfried Leibniz
Some of the empiricists
John Locke, George Berkley, and David Hume
It is where our knowledge begins
Perceptual knowledge
Why was the information given? Is the gust of the information to convince or persuade?
Purpose
The goal of thinking
To know the ultimate truth
Three types of will
Conscience
Moral decisions
Action
Has various views that which can help us tackle concept of knowing the truth
Philosophy
Add to our decision making
Conscience
Types of physical faculties
External
Internal
The human person has two powers of the mind
The intellect
The will
He stated that “true” is a word we all understand, but if we try to explain it, we can easily get involved in a maze of confusion
Frank Ramsey
She stated that epistemology is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowedge
Ayn Rand
Truth is something observable and empirical
Science
To know is to know something (reality, existence, being)
Reality
We notice what is similar and there is Abstraction where we clarify things
Concept
When an arguer states or assumes as a premise (reason) the very thing he is speaking to probe as a conclusion
Begging the Question
Conscious judgement in the basis of both subjective and objective ground
Knowledge
He stated that human person has three ways of taking-something-to-be-true
Immanuel Kent
Free from coercion
Action
A judgement, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be subjective
Opinion
Only capable of higher order thinking by relying on the types of sense
Human person
Tabula Rasa
A blank slate
Two types of senses
Physical Faculties
Spiritual Faculties
Enlightened one
Buddha
He believed that knowledge was founded in empirical observation and experience
John Locke
An argument that contains a mistake in reasoning
Logical fallacy
Considered as the central figure of modern philosophy
Immanuel Kant
Assess how long the person has spent studying the topic and how wide his/her experience is in relation to the topic
Reliability
What should you consider in evaluating source
Reputation
Audience whom it was intended for
Whether authentic documents were provided as proof
In order to know whether the claim is true or false, it must undergo in the process of
Verification
Is our contact to reality through senses
Perception
It is formed based on the person’s understanding, feelings, or desires about matters, topic, issues, or concerns
Opinion
Taking-something-to-be-true
Fürwahrhalten
When an arguer rejects a person’s argument or claim by attacking the person’s character rather than examining the worth of the argument or claim itself
Personal Attack
Based on experience
Knoweldge
Statement about the world and reality that may or may not carry truth
Proposition
He believed that “causes and effects are discoverable not by reason, but by experience”
David Hume
Two types of fallacies
Fallacies of relevance
Fallacies of insufficient evidence
How do we know if something is true
Systematic doubt analysis
Claims that required further examinations to establish whether it is true or false
Statement
Knowledge acquired through experiences derived from the senses
Empiricism
“Cogito ergo sum” that means I think therefore I am or I am thinking, therefore I exist
Baruch Spinoza
Esse est percipi
To be is to be perceived
Believes that material things do not exist, and all reality exists as perceptions within the minds of spirits
George Berkley
Argues that, at birth, the mind is tabula rasa
John Locke
When an arguer attempts to evoke feelings of pity or compassion, where such feelings, however understandable, are not relevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion
Appeal to Pity
Are mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion
Fallacies of relevance
A judgement that a cognition which is presented is true
Fürwahrhalten
Four characteristics of the ultimate truth
Reside in the intellect
It is immutable
It is absolute
It is eternal
The mind as its locus and thinking, its central activity
Spiritual faculties
Scientifically proven or proposition which are observed to be real
Facts
What are the methods of philosophizing
- distinguish opinion from truth
- analyze situations which show the difference between opinion and truth
- realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
- do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective
- evaluate opinions
Comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true
Knowledge
Steps to evaluate opinion
Source
Reliability
Purpose
Bias
Assumption
He has a principle of “esse is percipti”, to be is to be perceived
George Berkley
Choose freely
Moral decisions
Thinking and reasoning, making wise decisions, and pursue truths of a higher order
The intellect
Difficult to singularly define and in philosophy, there is no general acceptable definition of it
Truth
Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its part
Fallacy of Division
They stated that human person has two powers of the mind
René Descartes and St. Thomas Aquinas
The intellect
Universally true
By thinking with use of our mind
Rationalist
Assuming a cause and effect relationship between a related events
Cause-and-effect
Does the author give partiality, preference, or prejudice for or against an idea/subject matter?
Bias
An idea or principle that a person accepts are true but makes no effort to prove or substantiate it
Assumption
Statement that expresses assertion or a denial
Proposition
Cogito Ergo Sum
I think therefore I am or I am thinking, therefore I exist
Group of statements - one or two premises and a conclusion
Arguments
Believe that god is not the creator of the world, but the world is part of god
René Descartes
Three ways of Fürwahrhalten
Opinion
Knowledge
Belief
Emphasize belief as a basis for determining truth
Philosophers
What are the processes of acquiring knowledge
Reality
Perception
Concept
Proposition
Inference
