Mutations

Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

a change in the nucleotides of a DNA molecule, original source of all genetic varation, occur when mistakes are made during DNA replication or when DNA damage does not get repaired properly, occur constantly at low rate, chemicals and radiation are not common causes

Question 2

Mutations in coding region

Answer 2

affect amino acid sequence

Question 3

Mutations in noncoding region

Answer 3

affect levels of transcription of nearby genes, where most mutations occur

Question 4

Germ line mutations

Answer 4

occur in cells giving rise to sperm and egg cells, possibly transmitted from parent to offspring, every cell in the offspring that inherits the mutation carries the mutation

Question 5

Somatic cell mutations

Answer 5

body cells, occur when new cells are made, more of these, not transmitted from parent to offspring, only some cells in organism carry the mutation

Question 6

Somatic cells

Answer 6

body cells, same number of genes, alleles, chromosomes, DNA sequence, produced by mitosis

Question 7

Mitosis

Answer 7

process by which cell after replicating its DNA divides into 2 identical cells, daughter cell identical to each other and parent, diploid to diploid

starts with diploid cell, DNA replication occurs, cell division process, diploid cell divides once to produce two identical diploid cells

Question 8

Meiosis

Answer 8

process by which humans and most animals make gametes, diploid to haploid, pairing, recombination 2 divisions

starts with diploid cell, DNA replication occurs, cell division process, diploid cell divides twice to produce four nonidentical haploid cells, pairing of chromosomes, recombination, independent assortment

Question 9

Segregation

Answer 9

alleles will separate in final meiosis stage

Question 10

Haploid

Answer 10

daughter cells of meiosis, only have one of two alleles not both

Question 11

Daughter cells

Answer 11

develop into gametes

Question 12

Genetic recombination

Answer 12

creates new combinations of alleles in the gamete DNA

Question 13

Independent assortment

Answer 13

creates diverse combinations of chromosome copies among gametes produced by an individual

Question 14

Conceptual models

Answer 14

important because they integrate data from different sources, can be tested using studies and fine tuned using the results, used to build explanations and guide clinical intervention