DNA, chromosomes, genes, alleles

Question 1

Chromosome

Answer 1

contains a strand of DNA packaged with proteins, 2 of each, 23 pairs in each cell (humans), 1 pair from father 1 from mother

Question 1

Cells

Answer 1

the genome inside consists of DNA

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

one DNA molecule contains 2 strands, contains information in the form of a nucleotide sequence, sequences is what cell uses to make RNA and protein using enzymes, instructions

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

versions of a gene, each cell has two of each gene, 1 from mother 1 from father, both are transcribed

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

segment of DNA on a chromosome that is transcribed, information in the form of nucleotide sequence)

Question 5

Homozygote

Answer 5

if an individuals two alleles are the same

Question 6

Heterozygote

Answer 6

if an individuals two alleles are different

Question 7

Genotypes

Answer 7

genetic makeup (DNA sequences of chromosomes, alleles), consists of the two alleles of a gene

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

any observable characteristics or trait of an organism or cell

Question 9

Transcription and translation

Answer 9

gene (DNA) transcribed to mRNA translated by ribosomes to amino acid chain which folds into proteins

Question 10

Proteins

Answer 10

influence cell function which influence phenotypes, chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, made by ribosomes

Question 11

Coding region

Answer 11

part of a gene, encodes the specific protein (amino acid sequence), cause differences in structure and function of the encoded protein

Question 12

Gene products

Answer 12

molecules encoded by a gene (protein and mRNA)

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

carry out the process of translation, construct the protein

Question 14

Noncoding region

Answer 14

when and where gene is transcribed, affects the amount of, when, how much transcription, and in what cells to transcribe

Question 15

Expression level

Answer 15

quantified by number of protein molecules produced

Question 16

Genome

Answer 16

information in form of DNA sequences, include instructions for how to make gene products (coding regions) and instructions for when, how much, and in what cells to transcribe (noncoding region)

Question 17

Transcription level depends on

Answer 17

cell type, time during development or lifetime, environment, noncoding DNA

Question 18

Transcription level causes

Answer 18

regulation, protein production level

Question 19

Gene regulatory switches

Answer 19

enable cells to transcribe (express) different genes, resulting in production of different mRNAs and proteins and different cell phenotypes (cell types), short sequence of DNA in noncoding region where TAP binds which affects transcription of the gene, proteins bind to them which affects transcription, same in all cells

Question 20

Transcriptional Regulatory protein/ (TAP)

Answer 20

binds to gene regulatory switch, binding affects transcription (expression) of the gene, increases/activates or decreases/represses, resulting in production different mRNAs and proteins and different cell phenotypes/types

Question 21

Transcriptional repressor proteins

Answer 21

prevent transcription