Mutations

Question 1

Somatic mutations

Answer 1

an occur in any of the
cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children.
*Will not be found in all cells of the body in which the somatic mutation occurred. The mutation is only found in that cell and any other cells from that cell lineage.
*May or may not cause a phenotypic change in that cell lineage (tissue or organ).

Question 2

Germline mutations

Answer 2

occur during meiosis
in germ cells and can be passed on to
offspring.
Germline mutations –occur during meiosis
in germ cells and can be passed on to
offspring.
* When passed on, the mutation will then exist in all cells of the offspring.
* May or may not cause a phenotypic change in the offspring.

Question 3

Three types of impact on organisms:

Answer 3

1. Beneficial – increase the fitness of the organism in certain environments
2. Neutral – has no effect on fitness
3. Deleterious – lowers the fitness of the organism

Question 4

Point mutation: Transitions

Answer 4

a pyridimine is changed to another pyridimine or purine to purine.

Question 5

Point mutation: Transversions

Answer 5

a pyridimine is changed to a purine or vice versa.

Question 6

Silent mutation

Answer 6

change in nucleotide sequence that does not change amino acid specified by codon.

Question 7

Missense mutation

Answer 7

change in nucleotide sequence that changes amino acid specified by codon.

Question 8

Nonsense mutation

Answer 8

change in nuceotide that results in early stop code.

Question 9

Frameshift mutation

Answer 9

addition or deletion of a nucelotide.

Question 10

What causes mutations?

Answer 10

Spontaneous mutations
Environmental and Chemical Mutagens

Question 11

Chromosome structure changes: mutations

Answer 11

*Duplications
*Deletions
*Inversions (pericentric or paracentric)
*Translocations (interchromosomal vs intrachromosomal and reciprocal vs
non-reciprocal)