Mutations

Question 1

point mutation

Answer 1

Occur when a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism’s genome

Question 2

frameshift mutation

Answer 2

Caused by indels of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame, resulting in a completely different translation from the original

Question 3

indels

Answer 3

insertions or deletions

Question 4

reading frame

Answer 4

the grouping on the codons

Question 5

failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division includes:

Answer 5

failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I

the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, or mitosis

Question 6

mutagen

Answer 6

a physical or chemical agent that can change genetic material

Question 7

nondisjunction

Answer 7

a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell resulting in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy)

Question 8

Trisomy 21

Answer 8

Down syndrome; extra chromosome

Question 9

Trisomy 13

Answer 9

Patau Syndrome; extra chromosome

Question 10

Trisomy 18

Answer 10

Edward’s syndrome; extra chromosome

Question 11

XXY male

Answer 11

Klinefelter’s Syndrome; two x chromosomes and one y chromosome

Question 12

XYY male

Answer 12

XYY Syndrome; one x chromosome and two y chromosome

Question 13

Trisomy X

Answer 13

XXX female; extra chromosome

Question 14

Monosomy X

Answer 14

Turner’s syndrome; one x chromosome no y chromosomes