Mutation Flashcards
refers to any change in the genetic material of the organisms.
Mutation
Occurs in any body cell except egg cell
Somatic Mutation
Occurs in the reproductive cell
Germ Mutation
Classification of Mutation
Mutation due to changes in chromosome number
Mutation due to change in chromosome structure
Gene mutation
Aberrations may include
Whole genome
Entire single chromosome
Parts of the Chromosomes
a change in the entire set of the Chromosomes
Euploidy
loss or addition of a single whole chromosome
Aneuploidy
Characteristics more common in plants than in animals
Polyploidy
Characterized by the multiplication of a single whole genome or chromosome
Autopolyploids
Types of structural changes in the Chromosome
- Deficiencies or Deletions
- Duplication or Repeats
- Inversion
- Interchange or Reciprocal
represent a loss of segment of the Chromosomes
Deficiencies or Deletions
When the section of the Chromosomes is in excess of the normal amount
Duplication or Repeats
due to the rotation of chromosome segment
Inversion
Occurs when the single break in two non homologous chromosomes
Interchange or Reciprocal Translocation
Involves a change in the nucleotide
Gene Mutation
Categories of Gene Mutation
Base pair substitution
Frameshift mutation
due to copy errors during DNA replication
Base pair substitution
It is due to the substitution of purine with another purine or the substitution of one pyrimidine with another pyrimidine
Transition mutation
Substitution of purine whith pyrimidine
Transversion Mutation
an insertion or Deletion of a base that changes the reading frame of the entire subsequent sequence
Frameshift Mutation
Classification of Gene Mutation
Base pair mutation
Frameshift Mutation
Inversion which occurs when the centromere is not included in the inverted segment
Paracentric
Inversion which occurs when the inverted segment includes the centromere
Pericentric
Characterized by the multiplication of two or more genomes or chromosome sets
Allopolyploids
Mutagenic Agents
Physical Mutagen
Chemical Mutagen
Environmental Mutagen
Physical mutagen that can break the DNA strand
Ionizing Radiation
Trisomy 21
Doen Syndrome
Trisomy 18
Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Patau Syndrome
2n=45, 22II
Turner’s Syndrome
2n=47, 22II + XXY
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Mental retardation and premature menopause
Metafemale
Antisocialism, aggressiveness, criminal tendency, and low IQ
Double Y Syndrome
results to the formation of a termination or non sense codon
Non-Sense
Results to substitution of an amino acid in the polypeptide chain
Missense
does not change the type of amino acid in the polypeptide chain
Samesense
Can impart enough energy causing mutation
Non ionizing radiation
Changes CG pair to TA pair
Nitrous acid
Substitute for DNA bases
Base analogues
Inhibits spindle formation and prevents anaphase
Proflavin
Blocks mitotic cells in metaphase
Colchicines
