Muskuloskeletal 2

Question 1

Define the crop

Answer 1

Part of the avian digestive system
Out- pocketing of the esophagus, located outside the body in the interclavicular space
Acts as food storage when proventribulus and gizzard are full
Sends hunger signals to the brain when empty
Nourishes the young by regurgitating food

Question 2

Define the proventriculus

Answer 2

Glandular part of the stomach known as the “true stomach”
Secretes HCI and digestive enzymes (pepsin)

Question 3

Define the ventriculus (gizzard)

Answer 3

Mechanical part of the stomach where pebbles, sand, grit remain and increase abrasion
Often where metallic foreign bodies will lodge and damage the gizzard’s wall

Question 4

What is the purpose of avian intestines

Answer 4

Duodenum receives digestive enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas and bile from the liver
Nutrients absorbed mainly in lower small intestine composed of the jejunum and the ileum
Meckel’s Diverticulum marks the end of the jejunum and the start of the ileum

Question 5

Define Meckel’s Diverticulum

Answer 5

The yolk sac (vitellus) supplies the nutrients needed for the embryo to develop and grow
Right before hatch, yolk sac absorbed into the navel cavity of the embryo- residual tiny sack is Meckel’s Diverticulum- marks the end of the jejunum and the start of the ileum

Question 6

Define Omphalitis

Answer 6

Infected yolk sac, often accompanied by unhealed naval. It is infectious but not contagious. It is often associated with excessive humidity and contamination of the hatching eggs or incubator

Question 7

Define the ceca

Answer 7

Usually birds have two- cecum
Involves reabsorption of water and fermentation of coarse materials (cellulose)
Produces several fatty acids and the 8 B vitamins

Question 8

What does the large intestine consist of and what is its purpose

Answer 8

Consists of colon and rectum- cloaca
Purpose- reabsorption of water and minerals
Cloaca- end of the digestive tract where mixing of digestive and urinary waste occurs. Repro tract also exits through cloaca

Question 9

Define Proventricular Dilation Disease

Answer 9

Fatal disease that affects the nerves that supply the tract of birds, especially the proventriculus
Nerves supplying other organs may also be affected
Affects more than 50 diff species of pet birds
Estimated that 20-35% of all birds are affected

Question 10

What is the ethiology of Proventricular Dilation Disease

Answer 10

The Avian Bornavirus (ABV)
Nerves affected by the virus become inflamed by infiltration of white blood cells
Spread of the virus occurs via direct contact or aerosol

Question 11

What are the symptoms of PVDD (Macaw Wasting Disease)

Answer 11

Lack of appetite, regurgitation, undigested seeds in the feces, progressive weight loss
Depression, weakness, ataxia, head tremors, and rarely seizures

Question 12

Diagnosis of PVDD

Answer 12

Complete physical exam
Complete blood tests
Whole body radiographs

Question 13

How to diagnose PVDD

Answer 13

Baryum contrast study
Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on a small amount of blood and/or swab of choana and cloaca.
Testing 3x at monthly intervals with all 3 tests being negative- needed to declare bird negative
Tissue biopsy of the crop and/or the proventriculus (may have false negative)
Necropsy

Question 14

Treatment of PVDD

Answer 14

No treatment or antiviral medication
Supportive care, NSAIDS, treat any secondary diseases, assisted feeding, gabapentin
Isolate affected birds
Disease is fatal once clinical signs develop

Question 15

Define gastric-dilation volvulus (GDV)

Answer 15

Deep chested canidae, but any breed. Also possible in large cats, human
Dilation vs torsion
Clinical signs

Question 16

Diff between dilation and dilatation

Answer 16

Dilation- act of becoming wider, larger, more open. Passive. Autonomic nervous system. Physiologic. Anatomical structures enlarge within normal dimensions.
Dilatation- dilates beyond normal dimensions, active, Occurs by external, clinical, or surgical influences. Pathologic, anatomical structures enlarge beyond normal dimensions.

Question 17

Potential treatment or gastric dilation volvulus

Answer 17

Incisional gastropexy

Question 18

Define hiatal hernia

Answer 18

Form at the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm where esophagus joins the stomach. When the muscle tissue around hiatus becomes weak, the upper part of the stomach may bulge through the diaphragm into the chest cavity

Question 19

Describe gastric ulcers in elephants

Answer 19

NSAID administration
Steroid administration
Stress
Infectious agents
Chronic renal disease

Question 20

Signs of colic

Answer 20

Depression
Pawing
Looking at the flank
Lying down more frequently, circling, getting up/down
Kicking at abdomen with hindlimbs
Rolling up onto back, stretching out, dog-sitting
Sweating, groaning, tachycardia
Visible abdominal distention
Less than normal to no manure production, diarrhea

Question 21

What are the risk factors of colic

Answer 21

Recent change in diet
Recent change in type of hay
History of previous episodes of colic
Horses stabled as opposed to pasture
Recent change in housing
Failure to deworm regularly
History of recent deworming

Question 22

What are the types of colic

Answer 22

Impaction colic and gas colic

Question 23

What is impaction colic

Answer 23

Coarse feed (poorly chewed)–> float the teeth
Dry feed; poor water intake; dehydration
Poor motility
An obstruction in the digestive tract

Question 24

What is gas colic

Answer 24

Dietary changes may cause a dysbiosis in the colon
Poor motility
Often of unknown origin or other illness in the body

Question 25

What are the symptoms of colic

Answer 25

History- recent travel, changes in feed/routine, meds, other eisodes of colic, deworming/vacc schedule
Physical exam- heart rate, respiratory rate, temp, borborygmus or ileus, mucous membrane color, skin turgor, digital pulse, abdominal distentsion
Diagnostic tests- rectal exam, blood work, abdominal ultrasound, gastroscopy for ulbers, passing nasogastric tube

Question 26

What is the treatment for colic

Answer 26

Medical management
Walking
Do not feed
Analgesia
Hydration, laxatives
Surgery

Question 27

Colic prevention

Answer 27

Good parasite control
Regular dental care
Grain or concentrate
Timing of feeding
Hay/pasture turnout
Individual feeding
Dietary changes
Fresh, clean water
Moldy feed/Hay/Toxic plants
Foreign material, sand, wood, bedding, etc.
Blister Beetles (cantharidin)
Exercise
Weigh horses and feed
Fast eaters
Happy horses

Question 28

Describe Diabetes mellitus in monkeys

Answer 28

Includes Type I and II
Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss
Islet amyloidosis is most commonly seen in macaques and baboons

Question 29

Describe Nutritional Fatal Fasting Syndrome (Fatal Fatty Liver Syndrome)

Answer 29

Mainly in obese female macaques
Acute metabolic disorder associated with anorexia, depression, and substantial weight loss (up to 30%)
Cause azotemia (nitrogren waste)
At necropsy, enlarged yellow liver due to severe hepatocellular lipidosis along with encrosis of abdominal fat

Question 30

Describe amyloidosis in monkeys

Answer 30

Accumulation in different organs of an abnormal protein usually not found in the body called amyloid, and interferes with their normal function.
Especially prevalent in aged macaques, baboons, and common marmosets
Associated typically with a chronic inflammatory process that induces elevated levels of the amyloidogenic precursor molecule
In macaques, strongly associated with chronic enterocolitis and diarrhea

Question 31

Describe Wasting Marmoset Syndrome

Answer 31

Several diseases entities with undetermined etiology
Prevalent in captive marmosets and tamarins

Question 32

What are the symptoms of wasting marmoset syndrome

Answer 32

Severe weight loss, generalized weakness, muscle atropy, intermittent to chronic diarrhea and anemia. May have alopecia and paralysis of the hindlimbs (cage paralysis)
The syndrome is primarily associated with chronic lymphocytic enteritis (CLE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or chronic renal disease.
Chronic diarrhea which results in a severe maldigestion and malabsortion, leads to dietary protein deficiency and/or vitamin deficiencies

Question 33

Describe chronic colitis in macaques and baboons

Answer 33

Repeated enteric infections
Gut microbiome dysbiosis
Dysregulation of mucosal defenses
Environmental stress
Hypersensitivity to dietary antigens
Closely mimics chronic colitis in humans

Question 34

Describe “head” gastrointestinal disorders in rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas

Answer 34

Boney masses, abscesses, lymph nodes, cheeks, lips, teeth

Question 35

Describe “abdominal” gastrointestinal disorders in rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas

Answer 35

Palpation for gassy or fluid-filled stomach or intestines, pain, auscultation, radiographs

Question 36

Treatment for gastrointestinal disorders in rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas

Answer 36

Sedation and pain meds
Fluid support, medications, +/- surgery

Question 37

Describe gastrointestinal stasis syndrome in rabbits

Answer 37

Can result from inappropriate diet, can also be secondary to other illness, pain, or stress. Diet should have indigestible fiber. GS should be considered in rabbits that exhibit discomfort, anorexia, and a reduction in stools.

Question 38

How to treat a gastric impaction in rabbits

Answer 38

Rehydration; hand, syringe, or nasogastric feeding; high diet fiber; brushing the fur; +/- surgery
True obstruction in the small intestine –> acute abdomen –> pain