Music Something idk Flashcards
Middle Ages Years
450-1450
Middle Age Events
Rome sacked by Vandals—455 McGraw- © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Beowolf—c. 700 First Crusade—1066 Black Death—1347-52 Joan of Arc executed by English—1431
Ren years
1450-1600
Ren. events
Guttenberg Bible—1456
Columbus reaches America—1492 Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa—c. 1503 Michelangelo: David—1504
Raphael: School of Athens—1505 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses—1517
Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet—1596
Middle Ages Things
Period of wars and mass migration
• –
Strong class distinctions
castles, knights in armor, feasting
nobility
lived in huts, serfs—part of land
peasantry
ruled everyone, only monks literate
clergy
Rebirth of human learning and creativity
• Time of great explorers • Humanism
• Fascination w/ ancient Greece & Rome
ren.
Middle Ages Arch.
Early: Romanesque
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Late: Gothic
MA Visual Arts
Stressed iconic/symbolic, not realism
Late Middle Ages saw technological
progress
dominates musical activity in MA
Most musicians were priests
–
Women did not sing in mixed church settings
Church
Music primarily in MA
vocal and sacred; no instruments in church
Was official music of Roman Catholic Church No longer common since 2nd Vatican Council
Monophonic melody set to Latin text
Flexible rhythm without meter and beat
Named for Pope Gregory I (r. 590-604)
Originally no music notation system
Notation developed over several centuries (see p. 68)
Gregorian Chant
•
“Otherworldly” sound—basis of Gregorian Chant
•
Different 1⁄2 and whole steps than modern scales
• –
Middle Ages and Renaissance use these scales Some Western Music uses these scale patterns
Church Modes
Church Modes
What Do You Do With a Drunken Sailor?—Dorian mode When Johnny Comes Marching Home—Aeolian mode
Originally written without accompaniment
This recording includes a drone—long, sustained notes
Note extended range of melody
Written for nuns by a nun (to be sung in convent)
O Successores (You Successors) Hildegard of Bingen
Troubadours (southern France) and Trouveres (northern France)
– -
Nobles wrote poems/songs for court use Performed by jongleurs (minstrels)
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Topics: courtly love, Crusades, dancing
Secular Music in Middle Ages
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Notated as chant: only a single melody line Performers probably improvised accompaniment
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Listening example—Brief Set, CD 1:51
This performance played on period instruments
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Drone on psaltery (plucked or struck string instrument)
Triple Meter with strong beat (dancing)
MA Dance Music
Estampie
Between 700-900 a___ ____added to chant Additional part initially improvised, not written Paralleled chant line at a different pitch
2nd line
900-1200 added line grew more ______
–
–
Contrary motion, then later a separate melodic curve
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c. 1100 note-against-note motion abandoned
- -
2 lines w/ individual rhythmic and melodic content
New part, in top voice, moved faster than the chant line
(Organum)
independent
School of Notre Dame
Measured Rhythm
_________ composers developed a rhythmic notation
Chant notation had only indicated pitch, not rhythm
Notre Dame’s choirmasters Leonin & Perotin were leaders
Writing with notated rhythm came to be called the Notre Dame style
Parisian
Medieval thought was that interval of___ dissonant Modern chords built of ____ are now considered consonant
3rd
• –
Composers wrote music not based on chant Borrowed secular melodies to put in sacred music
•
New music notation system had developed
•
The new type of music was called ars nova
14th Century Music: “New Art” In France
Mid- to late-14th Century composer (1300-1377) Also famous as a poet
Though a priest, spent most of life working at court
• •
Wrote both sacred and secular music Best known for his Notre Dame Mass
Guillaume de Machaut
Church choirs grew in size (all male)
• –
Rise of the individual patron
Musical center shifted from Church to courts
– –
Court composers wrote secular & sacred music Women did not sing in mixed church settings
Music in the Renaissance
Musicians: higher status & pay than before Composers became known for their work
• –
Many composers were _____Worked throughout Europe, especially in Italy
• –
___- became music capital in 16th Century Other important centers: Germany, England & Spain
Franco-flemish
Italy
Vocal music more important than instrumental Word painting/text painting
yeah vocals were more imporant in the ren
• Polyphonic • – Primarily vocal-a cappella Instruments, if present, doubled the vocal par
Rhythm “flows” and overlaps
Composers less concerned with metrical accents
Smooth, stepwise melodies predominate Melodies overlap rhythmically between voices
types of ren. music
Short polyphonic choral work
Latin text usually overlaid with vernacular text Often borrows lowest voice part from a chant
motet
the Catholic worship service
Long work that includes 5 main parts of service
Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus
- Agnus Dei
mass
1440-1521 (contemporary of Columbus & da Vinci)
• – –
Wrote both sacred and secular music Worked with the Papal Choir in Rome Worked for King Louis XII of France
• – –
Leading composer of his time—famous while alive His work influenced other composers
Was highly praised by Martin Luther
Josquin Desprez
Culmination of the Renaissance (1525-1594) Worked primarily in Rome
An Appreciation
Music director at St. Peter’s
Worked during and after Council of Trent
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Some advocated a return to monophonic music Finally decided on non-theatrical worship music
– -
Council of Trent (1545-1563) addressed: Abuses & malpractice within Church
- -
Emerging Protestantism Role of music in worship
• –
Wrote music meeting demands of Trent
His work became the model for mass composers
Palestrina
Intended for amateur performers (after dinner music) Extensive use of text painting
–
Originated in Italy English madrigal lighter & simpler
-
Secular Music in the Renaissance
Printed in part-book or opposing-sheet format
Madrigal
Still subordinate to vocal music Increasingly, instruments accompanied voices Sometimes played adapted vocal music alone
McGraw-
Published music stated that various parts of the music could be sung or played
Purely instrumental music existed almost exclusively for dancing
– Dancing became ever more popular during the Renaissance
• Distinction between loud outdoor instruments and softer indoor ones
• Composers did not specify instrumentation
Instrumental music
