Music Section 1 Flashcards
What are some practices advocated by Genevan psalm-writer Jean Calvin?
- Protestants should sing as a congregation
- No instruments!
- Native Language (not Latin)
What are psalters?
Retranslated psalms usually containing only poetry
Where did the “ill-fated Huguenots” bring the 1562 edition of the Genevan psalter?
Florida
Where was Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter of 1562 brought to?
Also known as the “Old Psalter”, it was first brought to Jamestown, Virginia
How many melodies were needed to accommodate for 150 psalm translations?
17… just like my AGE!
What psalter did the Pilgrims bring in 1620?
Ainsworth Psalter
How many different meters were employed in the Ainsworth Psalter?
15
When did the Puritans establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston?
1630
Due to the dissatisfaction of the psalms the sang, what publication arose from a team of thirty ministers?
The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated into English Metre
What was the nickname of “The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated into English Metre”?
Bay Psalm Book
How many meters were needed for the initial “Bay Psalm Book”?
6
How many subsequent editions of “Bay Psalm Book” were published over the next 120 years?
30
What is a special milestone of the ninth edition of the Bay Psalm Book issued in 1698?
The appended tunes were the first notated music printed in the northern colonies!!!!!
What was Thomas Walter’s main concern about lining-out?
The congregation couldn’t sing very well!!!
Which minister published a sermon against the “Usual Way”?
Thomas Symmes in 1720 notated that in visits to three churches, he heard radically different versions of the same tunes
What was so-called “Regular Singing”?
Musical literacy
Who wrote “An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes”?
John Tufts in 1721
Who wrote “The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained; or, An Introduction to the Art of Singing by Note”?
Thomas Walter in (yet AGAIN) 1721
Who PUBLISHED “The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained; or, An Introduction to the Art of Singing by Note”?
James Franklin, who was Benjamin’s older half-brother
How many tunes did Tuft’s fifth edition contain? …….. Remember, Tufts wrote “An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes”.
37
Who published “Southwel New”?
Either Thomas Walter himself in Grounds and Rules of Musick, or someone in his circle
William Byrd the younger did what?
noted in his diary that he and his wife attended sessions to sing psalms
How would a singing school teacher advertise their school?
Publishing a broadside
What year did James Lyon publish Urania, a 198-page volume of psalm-tunes?
1761
What are hymns?
Strophic, religious texts not scriptual in origin
What are set pieces?
Compositions designed to support a particular (non-strophic) sacred poem
How many compositions were in Urania?
96 (just like the number of Indians murdered in the Gnadenhutten Massacre?)
“The New-England Psalm-Singer” reached what milestone?
The first New World publication devoted entirely to works by a single American-born composer
What profession was William Billings also?
A tanner in Boston
How many fuging tunes did Billings include in “The Singing Master’s Assistant” (1778)?
10
Where did Daniel Read relocate to after leaving the Continental Army as a private?
New Haven, Connecticut
What was the first published music periodical in America?
The American Music Magazine in 1786
What else was Daniel Read (his daytime profession)?
A shopkeeper
The American Singing Book was what?
The second American-composed volume containing new compositions solely by one person
Who composed “The Columbian Harmonist”
Daniel Read
To what did Daniel Read pirate several compositions?
The Worcester Collection
Where did Andrew Law request new federal copyright laws, reusing the Statute of Anne?
The Connecticut General Assembly
The key of ___ was set by Read in Sherburne
D
On the cadence of the word “ground”, which note is omited as the third of the chord?
C#, giving the chord an archaic feel
Segno indicates what?
The start of a polyphonic phrase
What is the overall form of Sherburne?
A (plain tune) B B (the fuging + repetition)
The Anglican Church was supported in taxes by which colonies?
Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia
Where was the first known pipe organ installation in a colonial church?
Boston 1714
The original name of the Moravian Church is what?
Unitas Fratrum “Unity of the Brethren”, originating in the Czech Republic
When did the Moravian Church nearly collapse?
The Thirty Year’s War in 1618-48
Which nobleman encouraged the performance of hymns, leading the Moravian brethren in missionary efforts?
Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf
Which of the thirteen original colonies was founded last?
Georgia, which served as a buffer between Florida and the Carolinas
Who founded Georgia?
James Edward Oglethorpe, a progressive leader who drove the Act of 1735, which forbade slavery
The “Collection of Psalms and Hymns” in 1737 was the first ___ ___ in colonial America, and published by ___
Anglican hymnal; John Wesley
Where was the Moravians’ first mission?
Georgia, which failed, but they had much better success in Bethlehem, Penn, and Salem, North Carolina.
What was the first book of any sort published in the English colonies?
“The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated
into English Metre” (aka “Bay Psalm Book”)
Where was the Ephrata Cloister, a German-speaking sect, established?
Pennsylvania
What does “Ephrata” mean?
Beautiful
Who established the Ephrata Cloister?
Conrad Beissel
What did Beissel think about Lutheranism?
It was too lax
What is pietism?
Individual devotion with careful attention to Biblical teachings… Beissel adopted this
When did Beissel emigrate to America?
1720, a year before Tufts wrote “The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated into English Metre”
Who printed Beissel’s 1730 hymnal texts?
Benjamin Franklin
What is a monastic society?
Men and women live apart from each other
What were “housekeepers” in the context of the Ephrata Cloister?
Married families that attended Ephrata services, but did not partake in other customs (i.e. celibacy)
Define what was worn by Ephrata members
tonsures—a shaved patch on the top of
the skull—along with all-white garments.
What was the spiritual name of Beissel?
Father Friedsam Gottrecht (“Peaceable, Right with God”)
When did Beissel die?
1768 :(
Who were the German Seventh Day
Baptists”
Reorganized householder families of the Ephrata Cloister
Who issued the 1739 Ephrata collection?
Christoph Sauer
What was the first product of the Ephrata’s printing press?
Das Gesang der einsamen und verlassenen Turtel-
Taube, nemlich der christlichen Kirche (aka Turtle-Taube)
What was the point of creating a scriptorium for hymnals?
Since their printed hymnals contained only text, they needed accompanying manuscript (handwritten) music
Who was responsible for creating the manuscripts for the Ephrata Cloister?
The sisterhood
What does the title of the 1746 Ephrata Codex read?
Die Bittre Süse (“The Bitter-Sweet”)
Who gave the Ephrata codex to Benjamin Franklin in 1771?
Peter Miller
Who, in turn, did Franklin give the codex to?
John Wilkes, an English member of Parliament who was sympathetic to the Patriot cause
What place was given the codex by the antiquarian?
The Library of Congress
Christopher Herbert made what exciting discovery in his 2017 dissertation of the Ephrata Cloister?
Some women composed the music (Oh look. Women!)
Who was Brother Jaebez?
Peter Miller (who later gave this codex to Franklin)
What other Sister Foben piece does the codex contain?
“Formier, mein Töpffer” (“Give Shape to Me, My Potter”).120
Which of the following voices was the melody in Beissel’s works? Tenor, Soprano, Bass, Alto, or Double-bass
Soprano: instead of relying on the bass line, which normally governs common-practice tonality
What did Beissel call the notes of the tonic triad?
“Masters”
Who was the poet for “Die sanfte Bewegung”?
Christian Friedrich Richter, a German Pietist,
Where did the Ephrata Cloister had already published Richter’s poem?
the 1739 hymn collection Zionitscher Weyrauchs Hügel (“Incense from the Hill of Zion”), printed by Sauer.
What did Sister Foben choose as the “master” chord for “Die sanfte Bewegung”?
F major
Where and when was the performance of listening example 2 made?
recorded at Ephrata in 2019, in the actual building in which the hymn was originally performed.
