Music History and Literature Flashcards
Gregorian chant
in Medieval times, sung by unaccompanied voice or choir, melodies that are free flowing with no distinct meter, melismatic
organum
an early form of polyphony in which voices were sung in parallel motion
mass
in Medieval and Renaissance eras, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the invariable portions of the Eucharistic liturgy (principally that of the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, and Lutheranism) to music
motet
in Medieval and Renaissance times, a short piece of sacred choral music set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass, typically polyphonic and unaccompanied
compare and contrast the Medieval motet and the Renaissance motet
Medieval motet had a tenor line with a short, repeated rhythmic pattern and an upper voice(s) with a lively, contrasting part, sometimes in a different language. Renaissance motet used imitation, homophony, and four part harmony
the Ordinary
religious text set to music, remains the same day to day throughout the church year, including six sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei
estampie
a medieval dance, one of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music
Ars Nova (New Art)
a musical style that flourished mainly in France in the 14th century, was different from ars antiqua in that it was more complex - more complex rhythm, meter, etc.
Guillaume de Machaut
considered to be the last great trouvere, mainly wrote love songs for one or two voices and instrumental accompaniment, his best-known composition was the Notre Dame Mass (which was the first known polyphonic mass ordinary)
word painting
musical representation of specific poetic images
characteristics of Renaissance music
close relationship between words and music (displaying emotion of text through the music, word painting), mainly polyphonic with a lot of imitation, while some music like dance music is homophonic, full chords are used (as opposed to music of the Middle Ages), choral music was often a cappella, rhythm is a “gentle flow” and melody usually moves in a scale (no large leaps)
Josquin des Prez
Flemish Renaissance composer of masses, motets, and secular vocal pieces; strongly influenced other composers. One famous motet is Ave Maria…virgo serena
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Italian Renaissance composer who devoted himself to writing music for the Catholic church. His works were written during the Counter-Reformation (Catholic church was challenged by the Protestants, so they tried to improve themselves, including simplifying church music so that it wasn’t so over-the-top), so his music was calm and spiritual. His most famous mass is Pope Marcellus Mass
madrigal
a Renaissance piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love. Combines homophonic and polyphonic textures, often uses word painting
compare and contrast English and Italian madrigals
both in their vernacular, both use word painting. English madrigals used simpler music (melody and harmony) and poetry than Italian. English madrigals were lighter and more humorous
Thomas Weelkes
one of the finest English madrigalists, an example of his work is As Vesta Was Descending from The Triumphes of Oriana
pavane
Renaissance instrumental dance music in duple meter
galliard
Renaissance instrumental dance music in triple meter
riceracar
Renaissance polyphonic instrumental composition employing imitation
the Church modes
scales used in Gregorian chant, consist of seven different tones and an eighth tone that duplicates the first an octave higher
Hildegard of Bingen
Middle Ages female composer who wrote new spiritual chants. She was a visionary and a mystic, “foretelling the future”
troubadours/trouvères
in the Middle Ages, poet-musicians who composed the secular music of the time
characteristics of Baroque music
typically expresses one mood (affection) per piece, except in vocal music which can change with the text. Rhythmically, patterns are repeated throughout the piece and forward motion is rarely interrupted. Melodies are also repeated throughout, imitated in various parts, and there are often sequences. Melodies are elaborate, ornamental, and difficult to sing. Dynamics either remain constant or shift very suddenly (terraced dynamics). Late baroque music is largely polyphonic (sometimes they would change to homophonic), with the soprano and bass lines being most important. Chords became far more important than they previously had been - use of figured bass. Music was used to depict the meaning of words. Usually have contrasting movements
basso continuo
figured bass, a bass part with numbers that signify what chords to play above it - gives a lot of freedom for how the chord can be voiced. Usually played by at least two instruments.