Musculoskeleton Flashcards by Geno Sadaya

The pelvis is subdivided into these regions

Greater and lesser pelvis

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The pelvic region surrounded by the superior pelvic girdle

Greater pelvis

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The pelvic region surrounded by the inferior pelvic girdle

Lesser pelvis

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The musculofascial pelvic diaphragm separates these compartments

Pelvic cavity and perineum

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The area of the surface of the trunk between the thighs and the buttocks, extending from coccyx to pubis, and to the shallow compartment lying deep to the pelvic diaphragm

Perineum

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Three bones that make up the pelvic girdle

Right innominate bone, left innominate bone, sacrum

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Three bone of the innominate bone

Illium, ischium, pubis

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Where is the triradiate cartilage found?

In the acetabulum of infants an children

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Which structure unites at the acetabulum the ilium, ischium and pubis in infants and children?

Triradiate cartilage

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Where the two innominate bones join anteriorly

Pubic symphysis

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Posterior articulation of innominate bones to sacrum

Sacroiliac joint

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The superior fan-like component of the hip bone

Ilium

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The oblique plane that divides the greater and lesser pelvis

Pelvic inlet

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The superior pelvic girdle provides the skeletal framework for both the pelvic cavity and the
perineum. True or false? If false, explain.

False.

It is the inferior pelvic girdle that provides the skeletal framework.

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The width of the subpubic angle is determined by the distance between which structures during pelvic examination?

The right and the left ischial tuberosities

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Anterior boundary of the pubic outlet

Anterior: Pubic arch

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Anatomical position of the pelvis

The right and left anterior superior iliac spines (ASISs) and the anterior aspect of the pubic symphysis lie in the same vertical plane

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Which joint links the axial skeleton and inferior appendicular skeleton?

Sacroiliac joint

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Which type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A compound joint, consisting of an anterior synovial joint and a posterior syndesmosis

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The sacroiliac joint is synovial anteriorly between which structures?

Auricular surfaces of ilium and sacrum

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Lateral boundary of the pubic outlet

Ischial tuberosities

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Posterolateral boundary of the pubic outlet

Inferior margin of the sacrotuberous ligament

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Posterior boundary of the pubic outlet

Tip of coccyx

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The sacroiliac joint is different from other synovial joint because of its limited movement. True or False? If false, explain.

True

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Unlike a keystone at the top of an arch, the sacrum is actually suspended between the iliac bones and is firmly attached to them by posterior and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments. True or false? If false, explain.

True

The sacroiliac joint is syndemosis posteriorly between which structures?

Tuberosities of ilium and sacrum

The sacroiliac ligaments

Anterior, interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments

The primary structures involved in transferring the weight of the upper body from the axial skeleton to the two ilia of the appendicular skeleton

Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments

The ﬁbers of the interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments run obliquely downward and inward from the sacrum. True or false? If false, explain.

False. They run obliquely upward ans outward from the sacrum.

The axial weight pushing down on the sacrum actually pulls the ilia outward (laterally) so that they compress the sacrum between them, locking the irregular but congruent surfaces of the sacroiliac joints together. True or false? If false, explain.

False. Weight pulls the ilia inward (medially).

Which ligament joins the sciatic notch to form the large sciatic foramen?

Sacrotuberous ligament

Which ligament subdivides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

Sacrospinous ligament

Accessory ligament to the sacroiliac ligament weight-bearing mechanism

Illolumbar ligament

The interpubic disc of the pubic symphysis is generally wider in men. True or false. If false, explain.

False. It is wider in women.

The thickened ligaments to the superior and inferior margins of the pubic symphysis

Superior pubic ligament and inferior pubic (arcuate) ligament

The decussating, ﬁbers of the tendinous attachments of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles strengthen the pubic symphysis posteriory. True or false? If false, explain.

False. They strengthen the pubic symphysis anteriorly.

The lumbosacral joints consist of which joints?

L5/S1 IV joint and two posterior zygapophyseal joints

The zygapophyseal joint articulates which structures?

Articular processes of L5 and S1 vertebrae.

The iliolumbar ligament connects to which structures?

Transverse processes of L5 and ilium

The sacrococcygeal joint is a secondary cartilaginous joint with an IV disc. True or false? If false, explain.

True

The sacrococcygeal joint connects which structures?

Apex of sacrum and base of coccyx

Anteroinferior pelvic wall is formed primarily by which structures?

Bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the | pubic symphysis

Structures that form the lateral pelvic wall

Right and left hip bones, obturator foramen closed | by an obturator membrane

The fleshy attachment of which muscle covers most of the lateral pelvic wall

Obturator internus muscles

Fascia that cover the medial part of obturator internus muscles

Obturator fascia

These muscles occupy much of the greater sciatic foramen, forming the posterolateral walls of the pelvic cavity

Piriformis muscles

Nerves anteromedial to piriformis muscles

Sacral plexus

Structures that make up the pelvic diaphragm

Coccygeus and levator ani muscles and the fascias of their superior and inferior aspects

The attachment of the pelvic diaphragm to the obturator fascia divide the obturator internus into these portions

A superior pelvic portion and an inferior perineal portion

An anterior gap between the medial borders of the levator ani muscles of each side that gives passage to the urethra and, in females, the vagina

Urogenital hiatus

Muscles of the levator ani muscle

Puborectalis, pubococcygeous, iliococcygeous

Part of levator ani which forms a U-shaped muscular sling (puborectal sling) that passes posterior to the anorectal junction, bounding the urogenital hiatus.

Puborectalis muscle

The wider but thinner intermediate part of the levator ani, which arises lateral to the puborectalis from the posterior aspect of the body of the pubis and anterior tendinous arch

Pubococcygeous muscle

Muscles of the levator ani which contribute to formation of the anococcygeal body

Pubococcygeous and iliococcygeous muscles

The pubovaginalis (females), puboprostaticus (males) puboperinealis, and pubo-analis are shorter muscular slips from which muscle?

Pubococcygeous

The posterolateral part of the levator ani, which arises from the posterior tendinous arch and ischial spine.

Iliococcygeous

The ligament between the anus and the coccyx often referred to clinically as the “levator plate”

Anococcygeal body

The levator ani is tonically contracted most of the | time to support the abdominopelvic viscera. True or false? If false, explain.

True

The levator ani is actively contracted during activities such as forced expiration, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and fixation of the trunk during strong movements of the upper limbs. True or false? If false, explain.

True

The levator ani must relax to allow urination and defecation. True or false? If false, explain.

True

The levator ani contracts primarily to increase support of the viscera during periods of increased intra-abdominal pressure. True or false? If false, explain.

True

The levator ani contributes to decrease in pressure intraabdominal pressure. True or false? If false, explain.

False. It contributes to increase in pressure.

The parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity continues inferiorly into the pelvic cavity and reaches the pelvic ﬂoor. True or false? If false, explain.

False. It does not reach the pelvic floor but reflect on the pelvic viscera instead.

The pelvic viscera are not completely | ensheathed by the peritoneum, except for which structures?

Ovaries and uterine tubes

Which surfaces of the pelvic viscera are covered by peritoneum?

Only the superior and superiolateral surfaces

The only pelvic viscera which is intraperitoneal and suspended by a mesentery

Uterine tubes

The ovaries are covered by peritoneum. True or false? If false, explain.

False It is covered by germinal epithelium, a special, relatively dull epithelium of cuboidal cells.

The only site where the parietal peritoneum is not ﬁrmly bound to the underlying structures.

The region superior to the bladder

The “pocket” formed between the uterus and the rectum

Rectouterine pouch or cul-de-sac of Douglas

Lateral extensions of the rectouterine pouch on each side of the rectum

Pararectal fossae

Prominent peritoneal ridges formed by underlying fascial ligaments which demarcate lateral boundaries of pararectal fossae

Rectouterine folds

The "pocket" formed by the central peritoneum descending down the posterior surface (base) of the bladder and then reﬂects superiorly onto the anterior surface of the inferior rectum in males and in females without a uterus

Rectovesical pouch

The gentle peritoneal fold separating the paravesical | and pararectal fossae

Ureteric fold

Which is the female equivalent of the uteretic fold that separates paravesical and pararectal fossae?

Broad ligament

The male reproductive organs are not in contact | with the peritoneum, except at which sites?

Superior ends or superior posterior surfaces of the seminal glands (vesicles) and ampullae of the ductus deferens.

The rectosigmoid junction, near the | pelvic brim, is retroperitoneal. True or false? If false, explain.

False. It is intraperitoneal.

Neurovasculature order of the pelvis from cavity to wall

Arteries, veins, somatic nerves

The six main arteries that enter the lesser pelvis of females

Paired: internal iliac and ovarian arteries Unpaired: median sacral and superior rectal arteries.

The four main arteries that enter the lesser pevis of males

Paired: internal iliac Unpaired: median sacral and superior rectal arteries.

Level of bifurcation of common iliac artery into internal and external iliac arteries

Llevel of the IV disc between the L5 and S1 vertebrae

Fibrous cords formed from the cut occluded parts of the umbilicus

Medial umbilical ligament

The main continuation of the internal iliac arteries before birth

Umbilical artery

Male conterpart of the vaginal artery

Inferior vesical artery

Female homolog of the artery to the ductus deferens in the male

Uterine artery

The uterine artery passes directly inferior to the ureter. True or false? If false, explain.

False. It passes directly superiorly. Water under the bridge.