Musculoskeletal system disorders

Question 1

what are the complications which may occur through the fracture healing process?

Answer 1

Muscle spasms
Ischemia
Fat emboli
Nerve damage
failure to heal/development of deformity

Question 2

Describe the clinical presentation of compartment syndrome and why it is considered a limb threatening emergency?

Answer 2

Oedema occurring in layers of dense connective tissue within the limb.
Life threatening due to the compression of arterial blood supply/

Question 3

difference between a sprain and a strain?

Answer 3

Sprain: a tear in the ligament
Strain: a tear in a tendon

Question 4

Describe the common spinal deformities

Answer 4

Lordosis: curving inward
Kyphosis: hunchback
Scoliosis: sideways curve

Question 5

What is the main cause of rickets and osteomalacia?

Answer 5

A deficit of vitamin D and phosphates as a result of dietary deficit, malabsorption, lack of sun exposure.

Question 6

Describe 3 characteristic clinical signs of muscular Dystrophy, which type only affects males and why?

Answer 6

1. Motor weakness
2. waddling gait/difficulty climbing stairs
3. Deformities

Duchenne MD only affects males as it is X linked recessive, a mutation in this gene results in Duchenne, females have a backup gene.

Question 7

describe 4 main functions of skeletal muscle?

Answer 7

1. facilitates body movement
2. Warmth.
3. Maintain posture
4. respiratory mechanics

Question 8

4 characteristics which make skeletal muscle unique?

Answer 8

1. Voluntary control
2. O2 stored as myoglobin
3. Glycogen for energy
4. Cannot undergo mitosis.

Question 9

State 3 categories of joints in regard to movement

Answer 9

1. Synarthroses: immovable
2. Anarthroses: slightly movable
3. Diearthroses: freely moveable

Question 10

Examples of the following joints:

Pivot joint
Hinge joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket
Condyloid joint
Plane joint

Answer 10

Pivot joint: Atlas/Axis
Hinge joint: Elbow/Knee
Saddle joint: Fingers/Wrist
Ball and socket: Shoulders/Hips
Condyloid joint: Wrist
Plane joint: Foot

Question 11

List the 12 types of fractures

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome and 3 causes

Answer 12

Swelling and bleeding within the fascia that surrounds the muscle

usually occurs after injury:
- crush injury
- surgery
- blood clot

Question 13

The name given to the procedure required to reverse compartment syndrome.

Answer 13

Fasciotomy: designed to release pressure

Question 14

A brief definition of:
Osteoporosis

Answer 14

Bones become thin weak and fragile

Question 15

A brief definition of:
Rickets

Answer 15

AKA osteomalacia in adults.
Softening of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency and malabsorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 16

A brief definition of:
Pagets disease

Answer 16

Bone recycling disorder causing deformity and fragility - affects osteoblasts.

Question 17

A brief definition of:
Osteomyelitis

Answer 17

Infection of the bone/inflammation

Question 18

A brief definition of:
Kyphosis

Answer 18

Hunchback curvature of the spine.

Question 19

What is the gower sign?

Answer 19

Seen in the clinical presentation of Duchenne’s MD, a child has to get on all fours to get up, it is a result from weakness in proximal hip muscle.

Question 20

A brief definition of:
Fibromyalgia

Answer 20

Widespread pain and tenderness in the body accompanied by fatigue, problems with memory and concentration, the cause isn’t known however is hypothesised to be a serotonin or neurotransmitter imbalance.

Question 21

A brief definition of:
Rheumatoid Arthritis and associated S/S

Answer 21

Chronic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple joints.

S/S:
affects both sides.
systemic inflammation
stiff/painful joints
movement impaired.