Genitourinary conditions

Question 1

Which hormones are involved in the function of the nephron?

Answer 1

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic hormone

Question 2

What is ADH responsible for?

Answer 2

Allows for reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and is secreted by the posterior pituitary

Question 3

What is Aldosterone responsible for?

Answer 3

Sodium exchange for potassium or hydrogen and is secreted by the adrenal cortex

Question 4

What is Atrial Natriuretic hormone responsible for?

Answer 4

Reduces sodium and fluid reabsorption and is secreted by the heart.

Question 5

What is the glomerular filtration rate and how is it controlled?

Answer 5

The total quantity of plasma filtrate produced per minute by the nephrons

Controlled via:
Auto-regulation -> the diameter of arterioles are adjusted according to changes in blood flow to the kidneys

Sympathetic NS -> increased vasoconstriction in both arteries

Renin -> secreted by juxtaglomerular cells when blood flow to afferent arterioles is reduced.

Question 6

what is the significance of bilirubin found in the urine?

Answer 6

it is a product of RBC breakdown showing evidence that the liver is not functioning as it should/ there is a bile duct disorder

Question 7

What is Urinalysis

Answer 7

Checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine to detect abnormalities.

Question 8

what does the renin angiotensin system regulate?

Answer 8

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance

Question 9

What is UTI and three S/S

Answer 9

An infection of the urinary system.

S/S:
1. frequency and urgency
2. Pain on urination
3. A history of UTI

Question 10

What is Pyelonephritis and three S/S

Answer 10

Inflammation of the kidney parenchyma (upper urinary tract) as a result of a lower UTI

S/S:
1. Cloudy/bloody urine
2. Flank pain
3. Nausea/Vomiting

Question 11

What is Renal Calculi

Answer 11

Crystallisation of calcium and other salts being; Struvite (75%) and Uric acid (25%)

Question 12

What is Renal Colic and associated presentation

Answer 12

Pain caused by kidney stones.
1. Colicky pain
2. Flank pain
3. Nausea

Question 13

List 3 types of renal failure and their cause:

Answer 13

1. Pre-renal: shock/severe disease
2. Intra-renal: infections/toxins/trauma
3. Post-renal: kidney stones/bladder injury

Question 14

What is an AV fistula and why is it necessary in Pt. undergoing regular dialysis?

Answer 14

An AV fistula is an abnormal artery/vein connection causing extra pressure and blood flow through a vein, therefore, increasing the size.

It is reliable access to veins for dialysis and increases dialysis flow.

Question 15

What is dialysis used for?

Answer 15

Cleans and filters the blood

Question 16

A kidney will function and a pt will remain asymptomatic until what % of nephrons is lost?

Answer 16

25%

Question 17

What is the 2 step process in which nephrons function?

Answer 17

1. Filtration:
   Returns needed substances back to the blood stream and removes waste.
2. Reabsorption:
   Returns water and solutes back to circulating blood.

Question 18

What result will the following have on GFR?

1.Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

2. Dilation of afferent arteriole
3. Vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole

Answer 18

1.Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
- decrease due to decreased blood flow to glomerulus

2. Dilation of afferent arteriole
   - Increase in glomerular filtration rate
3. Vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
   - high resistance outflow leading to increase in filtration rate.

Question 19

What do the following characteristics of urinalysis suggest?

Cloudy
Dark
Malodorous
Haematuria
Protein
Bacteria

Answer 19

Cloudy -> infection

Dark -> dehydration, myoglobin, bilirubin

Malodorous -> UTI/infection

Haematuria -> trauma, kidney failure, tumour, renal colic

Protein -> hypertension, pre-eclampsia, inflammation

Bacteria -> UTI, infection

Question 20

clinical presentation for the following:

1. Urinary retention
2. Renal Colic
3. Cystitis (honeymoon disease)
4. Pyelonephritis

Answer 20

1. Distention/abdominal pain
2. Flank pain/ colicky pain
3. dysuria/frequency/urgency/back pain
4. haematuria/malaise/frequency/urgency

Question 21

What are the stages of renal failure, function and description?

Answer 21