Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Lacunae

Answer 1

small spaces in the matrix, which house osteocytes

Question 2

Lamellae

Answer 2

layers of compact matrix surrounding the haversian canal, which provide protection and support

Question 3

Canaliculi

Answer 3

canals between the lamellae, which supply nutrients, remove cellular wastes, provide a means of communication between osteocytes

Question 4

Haversian/central canal

Answer 4

centre of an osteon, which houses blood vessels and sometimes nerves and lymph vessel

Question 5

Composition of Bones

Answer 5

connective tissue, made up of cells embedded in matrix, inorganic salts are also deposited in the matrix which increase rigidity and strength

Question 6

Composition of Cartilage

Answer 6

connective tissue, made up of collagen protein, embedded in a firm protein-carbohydrate matrix complex called chondrin

Question 7

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 7

contains many closely packed collagenous fibres, found in the trachea and bronchi, aswell as the ends of bones - providing a means of strength and flexibility

Question 8

Elastic cartilage

Answer 8

contains clearly visible fibres, aswell as less closely packed collagenous fibres, found in the ear and nose - providing a means of elasticity

Question 9

Fibrous cartilage

Answer 9

coarse appearance from parallel bundles of thick collagenous fibres, not as closely packed as hyaline, found in the intervertebral discs of spinal column and articular cartilage of knee joint - providing a means of withstanding weight and pressure

Question 10

Fibrous joint

Answer 10

allow for absolutely no movement, held together by fibrous connective tissue, found in the sutures of the cranium

Question 11

Cartilaginous joint

Answer 11

allow for some movement, held together by cartilage, found in the pubic symphysis, joints between adjacent vertebrae

Question 12

Synovial joint

Answer 12

allow for free movement, limited only by tendons, ligaments, muscles and adjacent bones

Question 13

Ball-and-Socket joint

Answer 13

allow for very free movement, spherical head fits into cup-like cavity of another, found between the humerus and scapula, and between femur and pelvis

Question 14

Hinge joint

Answer 14

allow movement in one plane only, convex fits into a concave, found at the elbows and knees

Question 15

Pivot joint

Answer 15

allow rotary movement on a single axis, conical end fits with ring on other end, found at the point where the skull sits on the vertebrae

Question 16

Gliding joint

Answer 16

allow side to side or back and forth movement, found between carpal and tarsal bones, between sternum and clavicle, between clavicle and scapula

Question 17

Saddle joint

Answer 17

allow side to side and back and forth movement, concave in one direction, convex in the other, found between thumb and palm of hand

Question 18

Condyloid joint

Answer 18

allow up and down and side to side movement, slightly convex surface that fits into slightly concave one, found between carpal bones and radius, metacarpal and phalanges, metatarsals and phalanges

Question 19

Osteoporosis

Answer 19

loss of bone density, best preventions include high calcium intake, vitamin D and exercise, treatments include (above) and also quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, medications, symptoms include stooped posture, back pain, bones more prone to breaking

Question 20

Osteoarthritis

Answer 20

deterioration of articular cartilage, causing the wearing away of bones, growth of bone spurs, and in turn restricts movement and increases pain and soreness, treatments include pain killers, physiotherapy to strengthen muscles, realignment or replacement surgery