Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What are the six functions of the bones?
1) Providing the body framework
2) Giving attachment to muscles and tendons
3) Allowing movement of the body as a whole by forming joints that are moved by muscles
4) Forming the boundaries of the cranium, thorax and pelvis and protecting the organs that they contain
5) haemopoiesis, production of red blood cells
6) mineral storage, especially calcium phosphate
What are the five different bone shapes?
Flat (e.g. sternum) Short (e.g. carpal bones) Sesamoid (e.g. patella) Irregular (e.g. vertebrae) Long (e.g. femur)
Describe the structure of a long bone
Have a shaft and two extremities
Shaft is mainly compact bone with a central canal of yellow bone marrow
Extremities are a covering of compact bone with spongy bone in the centre
Whole thing is covered by a vascular membrane, PERIOSTEUM, outer layer is tough, fibrous and protective. Inner layer consists of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Describe the microscopic structure of bone?
Bone is a inorganic matrix of calcium salts and calcium phosphate, combined with osteoid, with is mainly collagen fibres.
What are the three types of bone cells
Osteoblasts (bone building cells)
Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Osteoclasts (bone reabsorbing cells)
What do the bona develop from in the foetus?
Long, short and irregular bones develop from rods of cartilage (cartilage models)
Flat bones develop from membrane models
Sesamoid bones develop from tendon models
When does ossification occur?
Before birth to 21 years
Describe the process of ossification?
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid which replaces the cartilage model. As the bone grows osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix and become osteocytes
What hormones are important for bone development?
Childhood bone development - Growth hormone, Thyroid hormones
Maintenance of bone structure throughout life - Testosterone & oestrogen
Control of blood calcium levels - calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
How many bones in the vertebral column?
26
What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical spine Thoracic spine Lumbar spine Sacrum Coccyx
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Protection for spinal cord Access for nerves to the spinal cord Movement of the whole column Support for the skull Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers to protect the brain
What are the 3 main types of joints
Fibrous joints - immovable joints to stabilise bones
Cartilagenous joints - shock absorbers, some move a little, like the symphysis pubis
Synovial joints - moveable and lubricated with fluid
What are the types of synovial joint?
Ball and socket joint
‣ One end is ball-shaped and the other cup-shaped
‣ Allow a wide range of movement including flexion, extension, adduction( movement of a
joint towards the midline or towards another limb), abduction, rotation, circumduction ◦Hinge joint
‣ Ends of bone fit like the hinge of a door
‣ Movement includes flexion and extension ◦Gliding joint
‣ Articulate surfaces glide over one another
‣ Restricted movement
‣ Eg. Carpal bones in wrist
◦Pivot joint
‣ Allow a bone to rotate
‣ A bone fits in a hoop-shaped ligament
‣ Eg. Head
◦Condyloid joint
‣ Condyle- smooth rounded projection on a bone - sits in a cup-shaped depression on
the other bone
‣ Eg. Mandible and temporal bone
What are the four common sites for intramuscular injection?
Deltoid muscle of the arm
Vastus lateralis of the thigh
Ventrogluteal muscles of the buttock
Dorsogluteal muscles of the buttocks
