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Biological Sciences > Cells & Blood > Flashcards

Cells & Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The body contains approximately how many cells?

A

30 trillion cells

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2
Q

Order the hierarchy of biological molecules?

A

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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3
Q

Define cell differentiation

A

When a cell becomes more specialised to carry out a specific body function

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4
Q

Which three body transport systems are required for the body to communicate

A

Blood, lymphatic system, cardiovascular system

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5
Q

Which internal communication systems are required for the body to communicate

A

Nervous System & Endocrine System

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6
Q

Which external abilities are required to communicate

A

Verbal and non verbal communication, senses

These depend on the nervous system

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7
Q

Which body activities are involved in the intake of raw materials and the excretion of waste

A

Intake of Oxygen
Intake of Nutrients (eating)
Elimination of waste (carbon dioxide, urine, faeces)

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8
Q

Which body activities are involved in protection of the body/species itself

A

Skin - protection against external environment
Immune System - protection against infection
Reproduction - survival of species, transmission of inherited characteristics
Body movement

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9
Q

How much blood do adults have

A

5-6 litres

80ml/kg adult men, 70ml/kg adult women

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10
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Blood cells and plasma

55% plasma, 45% cells

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11
Q

What does blood transport?

A 
Heat
Oxygen
Nutrients
Waste products 
Hormones 
Antibodies
Clotting Factors
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13
Q

Describe the make up of of blood plasma and the function of what it contains

A

Plasma is 90% water with various substances dissolved in it:

  • nutrients from the alimentary canal (from food digestion, transported for absorption into the tissues for storage or immediate use)
  • gases (small amount of oxygen, most on RBC, carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions)
  • molecules produced by the body, e.g, hormones
  • waste products produced by cells for excretion (creatine, urea, uric acid transported from the liver to the kidney for excretion, carbon dioxide to the lungs)
  • plasma proteins (osmotic pressure, transport, immunity, proteolytic enzyme inhibition, clotting)
  • inorganic salts (electrolytes) (muscle contraction, maintenance of acid base balance, transmission of nerve impulses)
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14
Q

Describe the three types of blood cells

A

Erythrocytes - transport oxygen and also carbon dioxide between the lungs and all body tissues
Leukocytes - protect the body from infection and foreign bodies, larger and less numerous than the erythrocytes
- two types, granular (granule filled, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) and Agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes) - small cell fragments involved in blood clotting

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15
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

Blood vessels

The Heart

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16
Q

Describe the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries - carry blood away from the heart
Veins - carry blood towards the heart
Capillaries - connect arteries and veins, one layer of cells to enable the exchange of substances

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17
Q

Describe plasma proteins and their role

A

Plasma proteins are usually retained within the blood as their are too large to travel through the capillary pores to the tissues

Create the osmotic pressure of blood to keep the plasma fluid in circulation, if this is lost (reduced protein production or loss from the blood vessels) the fluid shifts to the tissues and body cavities (Odema)

Examples: Albumin, Globulin, Thrombin

18
Q

What is the function of albumins?

A
  • Maintain osmotic pressure
  • Carry some free fatty acids, drugs and steroid hormones
  • Most abundant plasma protein (60% of total plasma protein)
19
Q

Describe the role of globulins

A
  • Immunoglobulins are produced as complex proteins by the lymphocytes to act as antibodies and bind to and neutralise foreign material
  • Transport hormones and mineral salts (e.g. thyroglobulin transports thyroxine, transferrin transports iron)
  • Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes (e.g. a2 macroglobulin inhibits trypsin activity)
20
Q

Describe the role of clotting factors and give an example

A

To assist in the coagulation of the blood

Fibrinogen is the most common clotting factor

21
Q

Most blood cells are synthesised in the?

A

Red bone marrow

Some lymphocytes are additionally produced in the lymphoid tissue

22
Q

Describe erythropoeisis

A

All erythrocytes begin in the red bone marrow as a pluripotent stem cell
Differentiates into a pro erythroblast
Haemoglobin is synthesised and the nucleus is expelled, making it a RETICULOCYTE
Reticulocyte matures over 1-2 after leaving the bone barrow to become a mature, functioning, erythrocyte

23
Q

How is erythropoeisis triggered?

A

The Juxtaglomerular cells of the Kidney detects low blood oxygen > secretion of ERYTHROPOIETIN into the blood > increases speed of maturation process in the red bone marrow > production of RBCs

24
Q

What is the role of folic acid and B12 in erythropoiesis?

A

They trigger maturation of the reticulocytes in the red bone marrow

25
Q

How long do red blood cells exist for?

A

~120 dayside to wear and tear

26
Q

What is a thrombus and how is it formed?

A

A thrombus is a blood clot

It is formed by HEAMOSTASIS:

1) INJURY: a blood vessel is damaged
2) VASCULAR SPASM: the smooth muscle in the vessel wall contracts to reduce blood loss
3) PLATELET PLUG FORMATION: Platelets are activated and stick to each other at the wound site
4) COAGULATION: fibrinogen is converted to fibrin which forms a mesh that tracks platelets and erythrocytes, forming a clot

27
Q

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

A

Extrinsic: usually triggered by trauma

Intrinsic: begins in the bloodstream, triggered by internal damage to the wall of the blood vessel

28
Q

What is the role of the liver in blood clotting?

A

The liver secretes oat of the 12 clotting factors and it requires vitamin K to produce many of them

29
Q

What is role of prothrombin activator in haemostasis?

A

Catalysed prothrombin to throw in, the active form, which subsequently converts fibrinogen to its active form, fibrin, to form the mesh that traps platelets and erythrocytes to produce a cross linked fibrin clot

30
Q

What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting

A

Fibrin is in the final common pathway of coagulation. When activated at the site of vessel damage, the fibrin acts as a mesh to trap erythrocytes and platelets in order to form a cross linked fibrin clot

31
Q

What is the role of vitamin K in the pathway of blood clotting

A

Vitamin K is needed by the liver to synthesise the clotting factors

32
Q

What is the role of calcium in blood clotting

A

Calcium activates an enzyme complex which activates the Factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting, which then feed into the common pathway

33
Q

What are the two systems to describe blood typing

A

ABO and rhesus status

34
Q

How does ABO blood grouping work?

A

The blood type is determined by the antigens present upon the surface of the erythrocytes. If antigen A is present they will be blood type A, if antigen B is present they are blood type B, if both are present they are blood type AB. If neither are present they are O

A & B are codominant. A & B are dominant over O

35
Q

How does the rhesus blood system get inherited?

A

There are 3 rhesus antigens inherited in a set from the parents. CDE antigens carried on the erythrocytes. The rhesus status is determined by D. If absent, you are rhesus negative, if present you are rhesus positive.

36
Q

Describe the role of the lymphatic system

A
  • Production and maturation of lymphocytes
  • Filtering of the lymph fluid at lymph nodes and organs (spleen, thymus) to remove microbes and other materials
  • Pass filtered lymph back into the blood near the heart
37
Q

Describe the importance of finding out a mother’s rhesus status in pregnancy

A

If a mother is rhesus negative, they do not have any D antigens on the surface of the erythrocytes. When their foetus is rhesus positive, the body will produces antibodies to the D antigens presenting on the surface of the foetal erythrocytes. In the primary exposure, a first pregnancy with a baby that is rhesus positive, there is rarely a response. In subsequent pregnancies with a foetus possessing rhesus positive erythrocytes, the material antibodies will cross the placenta, leading to haemolysis and foetal anaemia which can be fatal.

The mother can be treated with anti D immunoglobulin therapy to bind any rhesus positive cells in the maternal circulation, to prevent the body responding to them and to stop the mother creating attacking D antibodies.

38
Q

What is the process underlying compatible and incompatible donors and recipients?

A

You can only donate blood to those who have a blood type who do not carry the antibodies to the antigens presenting on the erythrocytes being donated.

O is the universal donor because it has no antigens on the surface of its erythrocytes so can be given to anybody, as whichever antibodies the recipient has they will not react to the foreign blood.

AB is the universal recipient because they possess no antibodies, so will not react to any donated blood, no matter the type.

Biological Sciences (12 decks)

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