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patho test #2 > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

greenstick fx found in?

A

pediatrics

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2
Q

what causes a greenstick fx?

A

decreased ossification

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3
Q

2 pathologic causes for fxs?

A
  1. cancer

2. osteoporosis

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4
Q

what is the most sure sign of a fracture?

A

unnatural alignment

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5
Q

callus formation

4 steps

A
  1. unnatural alignment
  2. osteoblast build procallus
  3. ossification=callus (hard) and bigger than bone before
  4. osteoclasts cleaning up excess bone via reabsorption at stress lines
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6
Q

where are stress lines found?

A

in stronger, frequently used bones

where the stress is

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7
Q

dislocation

A

loss of contact between articular cartilage

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8
Q

what is the pathology of dislocation

A

more pathologic because signifies damage to tendons and ligaments

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9
Q

sublaxation

A

contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost

**more painful than dislocation

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10
Q

strain

A

tear or injury ro a tendon or muscle

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11
Q

sprain

A

tear or injury to ligament

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12
Q

avulsion

A

complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site
**think achilles tendon

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13
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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14
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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15
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

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16
Q

tendinosis

A

painful degradation of collagen fibers

**chronic dysplasia

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17
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa caused by repeated trauma (i.e. exercise)

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18
Q

bursa

A

air pocket inside a joint

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19
Q

epicondylitis

A

inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to bone ‘

**tennis/golfers elbow

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20
Q

tennis elbow

A

lateral epicondylitis

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21
Q

golfers elbow

A

medial epicondylitis

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22
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

muscle proteins in blood

life threatening complication of severe muscle trauma with muscle cell loss

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23
Q

2 causes of rhabdomyolysis

A
  1. crush syndrome

2. compartment syndrome

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24
Q

compartment syndrome

A

muscle swells, fascia around muscle doesn’t swell and cuts of O2 to the muscle cause hypoxia and necrosis of the muscle

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25
fascia
soft, thick tissue surrounding muscle
26
osteoporosis
decreased bone density d/t poorly mineralized bone
27
osteopenic bone
pre-osteoporosis | the sooner treatment is started the better the outcome
28
list 3 causes of osteoporosis
1. decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone 2. decreased activity level (stress 3. inadequate levels of vitamin D and C or Mg
29
why does decreased estrogen lead to osteoporosis
as estrogen decreases, the brain increase FSH to keep ovaries going FSH stimulates osteoclasts which increases bone reabsorption
30
what causes osteoporosis (regards to osteoblasts/clasts)
osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts
31
osteomalacia
soft bones due to deficiency of vitamin D which lowers calcium absorption
32
Paget Disease
aka osteitis deformans | thick but soft bones can cause nerve damage
33
osteomyelitis
bone inflammation causes by staphylococcal infection
34
2 causes of osteomyelitis
exogenous: caused from open wound endogenous: sepsis from blood infection
35
synovial cavity
fluid in joints
36
osteoarthritis
degeneration and loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of bone underneath cartilage and formation of bone spurs and joint enlarges
37
whats another name for osteoarthritis
degenerative bone disease
38
what cells are involved in osteoarthritis
no mast cells or basophils because its NOT inflammatory
39
Rheumatoid Arthritis
inflammatory joint disease
40
what causes rheumatoid arthritis
systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue primarily in the joints
41
what is found in the joint with rheumatoid arthritis?
inflammatory exudate (puss)
42
what cells causes inflammation in RA?
CD4, T helper and other cells in the synovial fluid become activated and release cytokines causing inflammation
43
Ankylosing Spondylitis
inflammatory joint disease of the spine causing stiffening and fusion of the joints b/c inflammation stimulated osteoblasts
44
sign of ankylosing spondylitis?
loss of normal lumbar curvature
45
Gout
ruin acid production or excretion
46
Disuse Atrophy
reduction in the normal size of muscle cells as a result of prolonged inactivity
47
Fibromyalgia
chronic widespread joint and muscle pain "pain disorder"
48
toxic myopathies
most commonly causes by alcohol b/c liver isn't working properly
49
Osteosarcoma
malignant bone tumor, common in peds
50
Chondrosarcoma
malignant, starts in cartilage | common in adults
51
Myelogenic tumor
most fatal!
52
In a complete fracture: | mc
the fracture crosses or involves the entire width or thickness of the bone
53
In an oblique fracture, the energy or force is: | mc
twisting with the distal part unable to move
54
Which is a definite sign of a fracture? | mc
unnatural alignment
55
The cost common cause of osteomyelitis is: | mc
direct contamination of an open wound
56
Bone tumors may originate from all the following except: | mc
epithelial tissue
57
An osteosarcoma is an: | mc
osteogenic, malignant tumor
58
A major symptom of cone cancer is: | mc
persistant pain that worsens at night
59
Giant cell tumors: | mc
have hight recurrence rates
60
RA begins with: | mc
destruction of the synovial membrane and subsynovial tissue
61
The causes of OA include what? | mc
enzymatic breakdown | proteodoglycan destruction

patho test #2 (3 decks)

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