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patho test #2 > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

greenstick fx found in?

A

pediatrics

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2
Q

what causes a greenstick fx?

A

decreased ossification

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3
Q

2 pathologic causes for fxs?

A
  1. cancer

2. osteoporosis

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4
Q

what is the most sure sign of a fracture?

A

unnatural alignment

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5
Q

callus formation

4 steps

A
  1. unnatural alignment
  2. osteoblast build procallus
  3. ossification=callus (hard) and bigger than bone before
  4. osteoclasts cleaning up excess bone via reabsorption at stress lines
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6
Q

where are stress lines found?

A

in stronger, frequently used bones

where the stress is

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7
Q

dislocation

A

loss of contact between articular cartilage

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8
Q

what is the pathology of dislocation

A

more pathologic because signifies damage to tendons and ligaments

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9
Q

sublaxation

A

contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost

**more painful than dislocation

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10
Q

strain

A

tear or injury ro a tendon or muscle

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11
Q

sprain

A

tear or injury to ligament

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12
Q

avulsion

A

complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site
**think achilles tendon

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13
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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14
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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15
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

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16
Q

tendinosis

A

painful degradation of collagen fibers

**chronic dysplasia

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17
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa caused by repeated trauma (i.e. exercise)

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18
Q

bursa

A

air pocket inside a joint

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19
Q

epicondylitis

A

inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to bone ‘

**tennis/golfers elbow

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20
Q

tennis elbow

A

lateral epicondylitis

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21
Q

golfers elbow

A

medial epicondylitis

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22
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

muscle proteins in blood

life threatening complication of severe muscle trauma with muscle cell loss

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23
Q

2 causes of rhabdomyolysis

A
  1. crush syndrome

2. compartment syndrome

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24
Q

compartment syndrome

A

muscle swells, fascia around muscle doesn’t swell and cuts of O2 to the muscle cause hypoxia and necrosis of the muscle

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25
Q

fascia

A

soft, thick tissue surrounding muscle

26
Q

osteoporosis

A

decreased bone density d/t poorly mineralized bone

27
Q

osteopenic bone

A

pre-osteoporosis

the sooner treatment is started the better the outcome

28
Q

list 3 causes of osteoporosis

A
  1. decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone
  2. decreased activity level (stress
  3. inadequate levels of vitamin D and C or Mg
29
Q

why does decreased estrogen lead to osteoporosis

A

as estrogen decreases, the brain increase FSH to keep ovaries going
FSH stimulates osteoclasts which increases bone reabsorption

30
Q

what causes osteoporosis (regards to osteoblasts/clasts)

A

osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts

31
Q

osteomalacia

A

soft bones due to deficiency of vitamin D which lowers calcium absorption

32
Q

Paget Disease

A

aka osteitis deformans

thick but soft bones can cause nerve damage

33
Q

osteomyelitis

A

bone inflammation causes by staphylococcal infection

34
Q

2 causes of osteomyelitis

A

exogenous: caused from open wound
endogenous: sepsis from blood infection

35
Q

synovial cavity

A

fluid in joints

36
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degeneration and loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of bone underneath cartilage and formation of bone spurs
and joint enlarges

37
Q

whats another name for osteoarthritis

A

degenerative bone disease

38
Q

what cells are involved in osteoarthritis

A

no mast cells or basophils because its NOT inflammatory

39
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

inflammatory joint disease

40
Q

what causes rheumatoid arthritis

A

systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue primarily in the joints

41
Q

what is found in the joint with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

inflammatory exudate (puss)

42
Q

what cells causes inflammation in RA?

A

CD4, T helper and other cells in the synovial fluid become activated and release cytokines causing inflammation

43
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

inflammatory joint disease of the spine causing stiffening and fusion of the joints b/c inflammation stimulated osteoblasts

44
Q

sign of ankylosing spondylitis?

A

loss of normal lumbar curvature

45
Q

Gout

A

ruin acid production or excretion

46
Q

Disuse Atrophy

A

reduction in the normal size of muscle cells as a result of prolonged inactivity

47
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

chronic widespread joint and muscle pain “pain disorder”

48
Q

toxic myopathies

A

most commonly causes by alcohol b/c liver isn’t working properly

49
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

malignant bone tumor, common in peds

50
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

malignant, starts in cartilage

common in adults

51
Q

Myelogenic tumor

A

most fatal!

52
Q

In a complete fracture:

mc

A

the fracture crosses or involves the entire width or thickness of the bone

53
Q

In an oblique fracture, the energy or force is:

mc

A

twisting with the distal part unable to move

54
Q

Which is a definite sign of a fracture?

mc

A

unnatural alignment

55
Q

The cost common cause of osteomyelitis is:

mc

A

direct contamination of an open wound

56
Q

Bone tumors may originate from all the following except:

mc

A

epithelial tissue

57
Q

An osteosarcoma is an:

mc

A

osteogenic, malignant tumor

58
Q

A major symptom of cone cancer is:

mc

A

persistant pain that worsens at night

59
Q

Giant cell tumors:

mc

A

have hight recurrence rates

60
Q

RA begins with:

mc

A

destruction of the synovial membrane and subsynovial tissue

61
Q

The causes of OA include what?

mc

A

enzymatic breakdown

proteodoglycan destruction

patho test #2 (3 decks)

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