Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What body systems interact to cause movement?

Answer 1

sensory, cognitive & motor systems

Question 2

What is precision medicine?

Answer 2

form of medicine using info about a persons genes, proteins, environment, & lifestyle

this DOES include age

Question 3

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 3

controls speed and force of movement

Question 4

Supplemental Motor Area

Answer 4

involved in preplanning movements

Question 5

Premotor Cortex

Answer 5

visually guided movements

Question 6

Cerebellum

Answer 6

coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

Question 7

Basal Ganglia

Answer 7

controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments

Question 8

Motor Unit

Answer 8

contains one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 9

What are the 2 periods of gestation development?

Answer 9

embryonic (0 to 60 days, or 2 months, or 8 weeks) & fetal (60 days on)

Question 10

When does implantation into the uterus occur?

Answer 10

day 6/7 after fertilization

Question 11

What is gastrulation? When does it occur?

Answer 11

when the single-layered blastula is reorganized into the 3-layered structure known as the gastrula. occurs on day 15/16 after fertilization.

Question 12

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 12

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

Question 13

When are all limb structures present in an an infant?

Answer 13

8 weeks after fertilization

Question 14

When do females typically know if they’re pregnant?

Answer 14

about 6 weeks

Question 15

Type 1 Muscle Fibers

Answer 15

slow-twitch tonic fibers
21 weeks gestation

Question 16

Type 2 Muscle Fibers

Answer 16

fast-twitch phasic
30 weeks gestation

Question 17

How much of the total body mass is muscle at birth?

Answer 17

25%

Question 18

In males, how much does muscle mass increase from ages 5-17?

Answer 18

41-53% of total body mass

Question 19

In females, how much does muscle mass increase from ages 5-17?

Answer 19

41-42% of total body mass

Question 20

Length-Tension Relationship

Answer 20

muscles must grow to keep up with bone lengthening

Question 21

What causes muscles to grow?

Answer 21

in response to movement and weight-bearing

Question 22

How do strength gains differ in males and females?

Answer 22

males increase through entirety of adolescence while females peak at the onset of puberty

Question 23

When do we see peak strength?

Answer 23

young adulthood - early 20s and 30s

Question 24

When does muscle strength begin it’s decline?

Answer 24

age 30

Question 25

How much muscle is lost each decade?

Answer 25

5%

Question 26

When does coordination begin to decline?

Answer 26

30s

Question 27

How does strength decline differ between 50 and 70 years old?

Answer 27

50 yrs old: steady decline, impaired function 70 yrs old: rapid decline in strength between 50 & 70: 30% decline in strength

Question 28

Sarcopenia

Answer 28

loss of muscle mass and function caused by decrease in: number of fibers mass of fibers number of functional motor units

Question 29

Senile Muscular Atrophy

Answer 29

muscle wasting

Question 30

Where do we see a greater decline in strength and speed of muscular contraction?

Answer 30

lower extremity vs upper

Question 31

What is the pattern of muscle weakness?

Answer 31

proximal - most prominent in back, abdominals, and quadriceps

Question 32

What type of muscle fibers do older adults lose the quickest?

Answer 32

type II: fast-twitch

Question 33

When do bone and cartilage differentiate for bones to form in the prenatal stage?

Answer 33

3rd-8th week

Question 34

When do mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate in the extremities?

Answer 34

5th week

Question 35

When do chondrocytes begin to form the cartilage of long bones?

Answer 35

6th week

Question 36

When is skeletal maturity achieved?

Answer 36

when the epiphyseal plates close

Question 37

How do newborn skeletons differ from adult skeletons?

Answer 37

newborns head and trunks are disproportionately larger than adults

Question 38

When are the fontanelles fully fused?

Answer 38

2-3 months posterior 12-18 months anterior

Question 39

Craniosynostosis

Answer 39

premature closure of sutures

Question 40

What are the typical ages for growth spurts to occur?

Answer 40

girls: 12-14 years old boys: 14-15 years old

Question 41

When do cranial bones have complete fusion'?

Answer 41

18 months

Question 42

When are all the epiphyseal plates closed?

Answer 42

age 25

Question 43

What kind of modality is contraindicated over open growth plates in children?

Answer 43

ultrasound

Question 44

When does bone mass peak?

Answer 44

late 20s - early 30s remains stable between 30-50 deterioration begins after 50

Question 45

Osteopenia

Answer 45

bone loss where mineral density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be osteoporosis increased risk of fractures

Question 46

Osteomalacia

Answer 46

softening of bones

Question 47

Common Prenatal Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

Answer 47

club foot congenital hip dysplasia congenital limb deficiency

Question 48

Common Infancy & Childhood Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

Answer 48

epiphyseal infection and injury growth plate fracture apophyseal avulsion nursemaid's elbow

Question 49

Common Adolescence Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

Answer 49

stress fracture apophyseal avulsion fracture slipped capital-femoral epiphysis scoliosis

Question 50

Common Adulthood Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

Answer 50

back pain due to disc changes osteoporosis osteoarthritis

Question 51

Osteoporosis

Answer 51

bones become weak and brittle bone reabsorption > bone formation

Question 52

Osteoarthritis

Answer 52

typically occurs in weight-bearing joints more common in overweight individuals accumulated microtrauma and inflammation