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Developmental Concepts > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What body systems interact to cause movement?

A

sensory, cognitive & motor systems

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2
Q

What is precision medicine?

A

form of medicine using info about a persons genes, proteins, environment, & lifestyle

this DOES include age

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3
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

controls speed and force of movement

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4
Q

Supplemental Motor Area

A

involved in preplanning movements

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5
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

visually guided movements

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

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7
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments

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8
Q

Motor Unit

A

contains one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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9
Q

What are the 2 periods of gestation development?

A

embryonic (0 to 60 days, or 2 months, or 8 weeks) & fetal (60 days on)

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10
Q

When does implantation into the uterus occur?

A

day 6/7 after fertilization

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11
Q

What is gastrulation? When does it occur?

A

when the single-layered blastula is reorganized into the 3-layered structure known as the gastrula. occurs on day 15/16 after fertilization.

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12
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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13
Q

When are all limb structures present in an an infant?

A

8 weeks after fertilization

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14
Q

When do females typically know if they’re pregnant?

A

about 6 weeks

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15
Q

Type 1 Muscle Fibers

A

slow-twitch tonic fibers
21 weeks gestation

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16
Q

Type 2 Muscle Fibers

A

fast-twitch phasic
30 weeks gestation

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17
Q

How much of the total body mass is muscle at birth?

A

25%

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18
Q

In males, how much does muscle mass increase from ages 5-17?

A

41-53% of total body mass

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19
Q

In females, how much does muscle mass increase from ages 5-17?

A

41-42% of total body mass

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20
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

muscles must grow to keep up with bone lengthening

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21
Q

What causes muscles to grow?

A

in response to movement and weight-bearing

22
Q

How do strength gains differ in males and females?

A

males increase through entirety of adolescence while females peak at the onset of puberty

23
Q

When do we see peak strength?

A

young adulthood - early 20s and 30s

24
Q

When does muscle strength begin it’s decline?

A

age 30

25
Q

How much muscle is lost each decade?

A

5%

26
Q

When does coordination begin to decline?

A

30s

27
Q

How does strength decline differ between 50 and 70 years old?

A

50 yrs old: steady decline, impaired function
70 yrs old: rapid decline in strength

between 50 & 70: 30% decline in strength

28
Q

Sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass and function

caused by decrease in:
number of fibers
mass of fibers
number of functional motor units

29
Q

Senile Muscular Atrophy

A

muscle wasting

30
Q

Where do we see a greater decline in strength and speed of muscular contraction?

A

lower extremity vs upper

31
Q

What is the pattern of muscle weakness?

A

proximal - most prominent in back, abdominals, and quadriceps

32
Q

What type of muscle fibers do older adults lose the quickest?

A

type II: fast-twitch

33
Q

When do bone and cartilage differentiate for bones to form in the prenatal stage?

A

3rd-8th week

34
Q

When do mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate in the extremities?

A

5th week

35
Q

When do chondrocytes begin to form the cartilage of long bones?

A

6th week

36
Q

When is skeletal maturity achieved?

A

when the epiphyseal plates close

37
Q

How do newborn skeletons differ from adult skeletons?

A

newborns head and trunks are disproportionately larger than adults

38
Q

When are the fontanelles fully fused?

A

2-3 months posterior
12-18 months anterior

39
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

premature closure of sutures

40
Q

What are the typical ages for growth spurts to occur?

A

girls: 12-14 years old
boys: 14-15 years old

41
Q

When do cranial bones have complete fusion’?

A

18 months

42
Q

When are all the epiphyseal plates closed?

A

age 25

43
Q

What kind of modality is contraindicated over open growth plates in children?

A

ultrasound

44
Q

When does bone mass peak?

A

late 20s - early 30s
remains stable between 30-50
deterioration begins after 50

45
Q

Osteopenia

A

bone loss where mineral density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be osteoporosis

increased risk of fractures

46
Q

Osteomalacia

A

softening of bones

47
Q

Common Prenatal Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

A

club foot
congenital hip dysplasia
congenital limb deficiency

48
Q

Common Infancy & Childhood Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

A

epiphyseal infection and injury
growth plate fracture
apophyseal avulsion
nursemaid’s elbow

49
Q

Common Adolescence Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

A

stress fracture
apophyseal avulsion fracture
slipped capital-femoral epiphysis
scoliosis

50
Q

Common Adulthood Musculoskeletal Diagnoses

A

back pain due to disc changes
osteoporosis
osteoarthritis

51
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bones become weak and brittle
bone reabsorption > bone formation

52
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

typically occurs in weight-bearing joints
more common in overweight individuals
accumulated microtrauma and inflammation

Developmental Concepts (2 decks)

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