Life Stages & Milestones

Question 1

Infancy

Answer 1

0-1 year
Basic Trust vs Mistrust

Question 2

Early Childhood

Answer 2

1-3 years
Autonomy vs Shame

Question 3

Play Age

Answer 3

3-6 years
Initiative vs Guilt

Question 4

School Age

Answer 4

6-12 years
Industry vs Inferiority

Question 5

Adolescence

Answer 5

12-19 years
Identity vs Confusion

Question 6

Early Adulthood

Answer 6

20-25 years
Intimacy vs Isolation

Question 7

Adulthood

Answer 7

26-64 years
Generativity vs Stagnation

Question 8

Old Age

Answer 8

65-death
Integrity vs Despair

Question 9

What is the ATNR reflex? When should it be present in infants?

Answer 9

“ Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex “

when in supine, a child’s head rotation will elicit chin side arm & leg extension with skull side arm & leg flexion

present between newborn - 6 months

Question 10

What is the TLR reflex? When should it be present in infants?

Answer 10

“ Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex “

if the neck extends, extensor tone increases and all limbs extend. if the neck flexes, flexor tone increases and all limbs flex as well.

present from newborn to 6 months

Question 11

What is the primary standing reflex? When is it present in infants?

Answer 11

infant will accept weight on their legs for the first 20-30 seconds, then collapse due to their inability to sustain the weight load

present from newborn to 2 months

also known as the positive support reflex

Question 12

What is the clinical significance of the ATNR reflex?

Answer 12

if ATNR does not integrate in a child, Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) may develop later on in adolescence.

Question 13

Anterior Protective Extension

Answer 13

arms extend forward to prevent from falling

emerges 6-9 months

Question 14

Lateral Protective Extension

Answer 14

arms extend sideways to prevent falling

emerges 6-9 months

Question 15

Upper Extremity Parachute

Answer 15

in prone horizontal suspension, if a child is moved towards surface head first - symmetrical arm extension and abduction will occur

emerges 6-7 months

Question 16

Posterior Protective Extension

Answer 16

extends arms backwards to brace their fall

emerges 9 months

Question 17

When should an infant be able to lift their head in prone?

Answer 17

by 2 months

Question 18

When should an infant develop midline orientation?
(Ex: holding a toy at midline)

Answer 18

by 3 months

Question 19

When should an infant have the ability to sit independently with no hand support?

Answer 19

6 months

Question 20

When should an infant achieve the quadruped position?

Answer 20

7-9 months

Question 21

When does sitting become the preferred position for an infant?

Answer 21

8 months

Question 22

What kind of posture is preferred by an infant between 10-12 months of age?

Answer 22

vertical postures

Question 23

When should walking occur in a typically developing infant?

Answer 23

usually at a year - but can be anywhere in the 9-14 month window

Question 24

When has a child’s mature gate fully developed?

Answer 24

7 years old

Question 25

When does the vestibular system fully develop in children?

Answer 25

12 years of age

Question 26

When does the vestibular system fully develop in children?

Answer 26

12 years of age

Question 27

When is adult-like postural control developed in children?

Answer 27

7 years of age

Question 28

What direction does typical development move?

Answer 28

cephalic to caudal & proximal to distal

Question 29

At what point should we no longer see head lag in an infant?

Answer 29

4 months

Question 30

What is Advanced Maternal Age (AMA)?

Answer 30

describes a pregnancy where the mother is older than 35

Question 31

What is considered ‘middle age’?

Answer 31

40 to 65 years

Question 32

What is the ideal body alignment?

Answer 32

vertical line of gravity falls between…
-mastoid process
-anterior to shoulder joints
-hip joints
-anterior to knee joints
-anterior to ankle joints

Question 33

What age range shows the greatest decline in spinal extension?

Answer 33

older adulthood: 70-84 years