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B2- Anatomy (T-level Nursing) > Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are long bones?

A

These are cylinders of hard bone with soft sponges marrow inside. They are wider at each end than the middle.

These form limbs.

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2
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A
  • Humerus
  • Femur
  • Ulna
  • Tibia
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3
Q

What are short bones?

A

These are shorter and more square versions of long bones.

They give a variety of movement with no loss of strength.

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4
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A
  • Carpals
  • Tarsals of the wrists
  • Ankles
  • cuneiforms in feet
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5
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Hard bone sandwiching a layer of soft bone.

This protects vital organs.

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6
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A
  • Cranium
  • Sternum
  • Scapula
  • Pelvic girdle
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7
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

They vary.

Box shaped vertebrae which are strong and contain marrow or air filled cavities.

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8
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Ilium
  • Facial bones
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9
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Small bones in the tendons, at regions where there is a lot of pressure.

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10
Q

What are examples of sesamoid bones?

A
  • Patella
  • Bones between the phalanges
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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12
Q

What are the 5 types of bone?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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13
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Also known as ‘immovable joints’ are where bones are fused together to create a structure. They’re joint by strong fibrous tissue.

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14
Q

What are some examples of fibrous joints?

A
  • Cranial
  • Teeth
  • Jaw
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
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15
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

They have bones connected by relatively flexible cartilage (fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage) that allows some degree of movement, like the rib cage where the ribs are joined by cartilaginous joints that allow the ribs to move during breathing.

Two main types:
- Primary (Immovable)
- Secondary (Slightly moveable)

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16
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

These are found between bones that slide against eachother with little friction, to absorb compressive forces.

They are flexible and moveable, like the hip joint.

Synovial joints have cartilage providing cushioning between bones that are joined. They also have a synovial capsule consisting of connective tissue containing synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the joint, allowing smoother movement and reducing wear on bones.

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17
Q

What are examples of synovial joints?

A

Ball and socket joint in the hip.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Production of blood cells
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
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19
Q

How does the skeletal system provide support?

A

It resists the forces that could potentially squash organs.

It also keeps you up right.

20
Q

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

A

The rib cage protects the vital organs and the cranium protects the brain.

21
Q

How does the skeletal system produce blood cells?

A

‘Haematopoiesis’ is the formation of blood cellular components.

Stem cells are contained in the red bone marrow which can divide and differentiate into various blood cells.

22
Q

How does the skeletal system facilitate movement?

A

Muscles relax and contract, moving and articulating bone joints.

23
Q

How does the skeletal system store minerals?

A

It stores the vital mineral (calcium) which can be released when blood calcium levels are low.
Calcium is also needed for clotting and the contraction of muscles.

It also stores and releases the vital mineral (phosphorus) which makes bone, helps nerve function and muscle contraction.

24
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria.

25
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

This is when the cell generates energy in the presence of oxygen, supplying the muscles with the necessary energy to contract.

Oxygen and glucose is turned into Carbon dioxide, ATP and water.

26
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

‘Adenosine Triphosphate’.

27
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

‘Adenosine di-phosphate’.

28
Q

How does ATP become ADP?

A

During reactions requiring energy ATP is spent, making ADP. This is helped by ATPase.

An ATP molecule looses its final phosphate due to ATPase, causing it to become ADP.

. (ATPase)
ATP———> ADP + Pi (energy)

29
Q

How does ADP become ATP?

A

During respiration ADP is recharged into ATP, via the enzyme ATP synthesise.

. (ATP synthesise)
ADP + Pi ———> ATP

30
Q

Explain the features of the unstable bond in the phosphate group of ATP?

A

The final phosphate has an ‘unstable bond’ meaning it is easily broken. This releases energy when broken.

31
Q

What are muscles made up of?

A

Bundles of muscle fibres, joined by connective tissue.

32
Q

What are muscle fibres made of?

A

Smaller fibres called myofibrils.

33
Q

What are myofibril made up of?

A

They consist of protein filaments, called actin and myosin. These filaments interact to cause muscle contraction.

34
Q

What is a length of myofibrils called?

A

A sarcomere.

35
Q

What happens to muscles during contraction?

A

The muscle gets shorter. The myosin stays the same length, as well as the actin. But they’re pulled towards the m-line of the sarcomere.

36
Q

Explain how muscles contract??

A
  • At rest the actin-myosin binding site is blocked by the tropomyosin.
  • When contracting an impulse arrives down a motor neurone, and calcium ions are released and bind to the troponin.
  • This causes the whole protein to move, revealing the binding site.
  • The myosin head then enters the binding site, forming an actin-myosin cross bridge, a type of bond.
  • The calcium activates the enzyme ATPase, which breaks down ATP to ADP. Energy is released, moving the myosin head to the side, pulling the actin with it.
  • ATP also provides energy to break the actin-myosin cross bridge.
  • The head then detaches and pings back to its starting position.
  • This whole process can then be repeated with the next binding site.
37
Q

Explain the structure of the sarcomere proteins.

A
  • The myosin has a globular head which has two binding sites. One for actin and one for ATP.
  • The actin has an actin-myosin binding site, and two proteins called troponin and tropomyosin.
38
Q

What id an additional use of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

ATP removes and pumps away all calcium ions, so the troponin and tropomyosin don’t always block the binding sites.

39
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206.

40
Q

What is a lateral bone?

A

Further or furthest from the midline.

41
Q

What is a medial bone?

A

Closer or closest to the midline.

42
Q

What is an anterior bone?

A

Toward front of body.

43
Q

What is a posterior bone?

A

Towards back of body.

44
Q

What attaches muscles to bones?

A

Tendons.

45
Q

Where are calcium ions stored in the sarcomere?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum. They’re released into the sarcoplasm when an impulse arrives.

B2- Anatomy (T-level Nursing) (23 decks)

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