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AQA GCSE PE Paper 1 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Structure/ Shape
  5. Mineral Storage
  6. Blood Cell Production
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2
Q

What is the purpose of ligaments?

A

Attaches bone to bone

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3
Q

What is the purpose of tendons?

A

Attaches bone to muscle

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4
Q

What is a joint?

A

A point where two or more bones meet

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of bone? Include an example for each

A
  1. Short bones - Carpals (in the hand)
  2. Long bones - Femur
  3. Flat bones - Cranium
  4. Irregular bones - Vertebrae
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6
Q

Role of long bones? 2 sporting examples linking to the name of the bones.

A

Used in gross movements

  1. Kicking the ball in Football - Femur
  2. Shoulder pass in Netball - Humerus
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7
Q

Role of short bones? A sporting example linking to the name of the bone.

A

Used in fine movements & to support the weight of the body.

  1. A gymnast performing a handstand - carpals/ tarsals in the hand and wrist to keep the gymnast balanced.
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8
Q

Role of flat bones? Include a sporting example linking to name of the bone/s.

A

Protection of vital organs
Provides a broad surface for muscle attachment

Example: The cranium protecting the brain when hearing a football

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9
Q

What are irregular bones? What are they used for?

A

They are specifically shaped to perform particular functions

  1. Protection
  2. Muscle attachment

Examples: Patella and Vertebrae

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10
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts?

A

It shortens

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11
Q

What happens when a muscle relaxes?

A

It lengthens

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12
Q

Name the 4 major muscles (groups) in the leg

A
  1. Quadricep (group)
  2. Hamstring (group)
  3. Gastrocnemius
  4. Tibialis Anterior
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13
Q

How are muscles attached to bones?

A

Tendons

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14
Q

The tendon at the non-moving end is called the … ?

A

Origin

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15
Q

The tendon at the moving end is called the … ?

A

Insertion

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16
Q

Name the 2 types of muscle contraction

A
  1. Isotonic

2. Isometric

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17
Q

Define an Isotonic contraction

A

Muscles changing length during a contraction

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of Isotonic contraction? Define them.

A

Eccentric - When the muscle lengthens

Concentric - When the muscle shortens

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19
Q

Define an Isometric contraction

A

Muscles staying the same length

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20
Q

Sporting example of an Isometric contraction

A

Plank

Handstand

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21
Q

Sporting example of an Isotonic contraction (include movement at the joint)

A 
Upward phase of a bicep curl 
- flexion at the elbow
Concentric contraction
- bicep is the agonist
- tricep is the antagonist
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22
Q

Name the 3 types of joints and include an example of each

A
  1. Freely moveable (synovial) - Knee
  2. Slightly moveable - Ribs
  3. Fixed - Cranium
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23
Q

Slightly moveable joints are held together by … and joined by … ?

A

Ligaments

Cartilage

24
Q

Fixed joints are held together by … ?

A

Tough fibres

25
Q

Name the 4 structures of synovial joints that prevent injury

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Synovial Fluid
  3. Ligaments
  4. Tendons
26
Q

Function of synovial fluid

A

Lubrication of the joints, allowing it to move freely

27
Q

Function of Cartilage

A

Acts as a buffer, prevents the ends of the bones rubbing together.

28
Q

Name the 2 types of freely moveable joints

A
  1. Ball and Socket

2. Hinge

29
Q

Name 7 movements at a joint (FEAR PAD)

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Adduction
  4. Abduction
  5. Rotation
  6. Plantar-flexion
  7. Dorsi-flexion
30
Q

Define Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle at a joint

31
Q

Define Extension

A

Increasing the angle at a joint

32
Q

Define Adduction

A

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

33
Q

Define Abduction

A

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

34
Q

Define Rotation

A

The circular motion at a joint

35
Q

Define Plantar-flexion

A

Pointing the toes away from the body

36
Q

Define Dorsi-flexion

A

Pointing the toes towards the body

37
Q

What 3 components make up a Lever System?

A
  1. Fulcrum (F) - the fixed point/ pivot
  2. Resistance (R) - the point where the weight is coming from
  3. Effort (E) - the point where the force is applied
38
Q

3 classifications of levers

A 
1st class
2nd class
3rd class
39
Q

Sporting example of a 1st class lever

A

Header in Football

40
Q

Sporting example of a 2nd class lever

A

Take off phase of a long jump

41
Q

Sporting example of a 3rd class lever

A

Bicep curl (during flexion)

42
Q

Define Mechanical Advantage (include a sporting example)

A

The output force is greater than the input force. (A greater load can be lifted)

Striking the ball in Cricket

43
Q

Define Mechanical Disadvantage (include sporting example)

A

The output force is less than the input force. (The longer the RESISTANCE ARM - The greater the speed)

Bowling in Cricket

44
Q

How do we increase Mechanical Advantage in a sporting environment? How does this help us?

A

By using equipment such as rackets or bats to extend/lengthen the EFFORT ARM - increasing the force applied

45
Q

Which Lever System do we associate with Mechanical Disadvantage?

A

3rd class lever

46
Q

Name the 3 Planes of movement & describe their Axes

Some Times Fun Starts Too Late

A

Sagittal Plane - Transverse Axes
Frontal Plane - Sagittal Axes
Transverse Plane - Longitudinal Axes

47
Q

Sporting example of the use of the Sagittal Plane & Transverse Axes

A 
Forward roll 
Front Somersault
Rugby Lineout
Kicking a football
Shooting a Basketball
48
Q

What Planes and Axes are used to perform a cartwheel?

A

Frontal Plane
Sagittal Axes

Also, a Football Goalkeeper diving to make a save or the Butterfly technique in Swimming.

49
Q

Which Plane and Axes allows a 360 degree rotation? (include sporting example)

A

Transverse Plane
Longitudinal Axes

Preparation phase of a Discus throw
Cricket Bowl

50
Q

When muscles contract they …. the bone

A

Pull

51
Q

How can we relate the function of ‘blood cell production’ of the skeletal system to physical activity?

A

Blood Cell Production - The pelvis, sternum, vertebrae and clavicle contain (red) bone marrow. This produces red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the working muscles. (Allowing them to work for a longer period of time).

52
Q

How can we relate the function of ‘structural shape’ of the skeletal system to physical activity?

A

Provides shape for the body

Gives a point of attachment for the muscles

53
Q

How can we relate the function of ‘protection’ of the skeletal system to physical activity?

A

Protection of vital organs, reducing the risk of injury on impact. (e.g the ribs protect the heart and lungs during a rugby tackle)

54
Q

How can we relate the function of ‘mineral storage’ of the skeletal system to physical activity?

A

The bones act as a mineral store for calcium and phosphorous - if the body requires these minerals, they can be released form the storage in the bones.

55
Q

How can we relate the function of ‘movement’ of the skeletal system to physical activity?

A

The skeleton allows movement of the body at a joint. The bones act as levers, using the muscles (attached by tendons) as ‘pulleys’ to create movement.

56
Q

How can we relate the function of ‘support’ of the skeletal system to physical activity?

A

The skeleton keeps the body upright, providing a framework for muscle attachment

AQA GCSE PE Paper 1 (9 decks)

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