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Y1 Anatomy > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs - reduce friction.

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2
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Fibrous connective tissue - joins bones/cartilage.

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3
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Fibrous connective tissue - joins muscle to one.

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

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5
Q

Connective tissue: fat (function) and fibrous (state the 2 types)

A

Fat: insulation & shock absorption.
Fibrous: (A) White fibrous (dense tissue composed of collagen bundles) - forms ligaments, tendons & protective membranes around muscle (B) Yellow (elastic).

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6
Q

State the 3 types of cartilage & where they are located.

A

Hyaline (articular cartilage in joints & respiratory system - trachea), fibrocartilage (articular discs in joints, intervertebral discs & around edge of ball & socket), & elastic (external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis & larynx).

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7
Q

State the 3 regions of long bone:

A

Epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis.

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8
Q

What & where is the epiphyseal plate? State its function.

A

The growth plate in the metaphysis of long bone.

Site of bone growth & ossification in children.

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9
Q

Describe Ruffini corpuscles & Paciniform endings.

A

Mechanoreceptors which detect stretch & pressure.

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

A

2 bones covered by articular cartilage - joint cavity contains synovial fluid, covered by a synovial membrane and articular capsule.

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11
Q

Function of hinge joints.

A

Flexion & extension.

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12
Q

Function of pivot joints

A

Rotation around one axis.

E.g. elbow

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13
Q

Function of Bicondylar joints

A

movement in one axis & limited rotation around another axis.

E.g. Knee

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14
Q

Function of Condylar joints

A

Movement in 2 planes (biaxial) - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.
E.g. wrist.

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15
Q

Function of Ball and socket joints

A

Movement in 3 planes (multi-axial).

E.g. hip & shoulder

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16
Q

Function of Saddle joints.

A

Biaxial.
Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.
E.g. carpometacarpal joint of thumb.

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17
Q

Function of synovial fluid.

A

Lubricates joint - reduces friction between articular surfaces.

18
Q

Compare abduction & adduction.

A

Abduction: moving away from centre of body.
Adduction: moving toward centre of body.

19
Q

State the spinal regions & no. of vertebrae in each.

A

Cervical (C1-7)
Thoracic (T1-12)
Lumbar (L1-5)
Below: sacrum & coccyx.

20
Q

State & point to the major muscles of the body (anterior).

A 
frontalis.
zygomaticus
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
deltoid
pectoralis major
biceps brachii
rectus abdomina
external oblique
sartorius
gracilis
abbudctor longus
rectus femoralis
vastus laterals
21
Q

State & point to major muscles of body (posterior)

A 
trapezius
infraspinatus
teres minor
deltoid
teres major
triceps brachii
latissimus dorsi
external oblique
gluteus maximus
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
gastrocnemius 
calcaneal tendon
22
Q

Name the 7 main Tarsal bones

Tiger Cubs Need MILC

A

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medical cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid.

23
Q

Define Synctium.

A

a multinucleated cell.

Often cells interconnected by specialized membrane with gap junctions.

24
Q

Describe smooth muscle.

A

Involuntary, non-striated muscle.
Forms walls of blood vessels & hollow organs (stomach).
Contracts less powerfully than skeletal, but maintains for longer.

25
Q

Describe skeletal muscle.

A

Voluntary, striated, MULTINUCLEATE.
Most attached to bones by tendons.
Develop great force, tire quickly.
Bodily movement & reaction to external stimuli.

26
Q

Describe cardiac muscle.

A

Involuntary, striated, mononucleate, many mitochondria.
Abundant myoglobin reserve (O2 storage)
Intercalated discs.

27
Q

Describe an intercalated disc.

A

Intercellular attachment of cardiomyocytes - gap junctions.

28
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A single contractile unit: contains actin & myosin filaments.

29
Q

Sarcomere: A band

A

Thick (myosin) filament

30
Q

Sarcomere: I band

A

Thin (actin) filaments.

31
Q

Sarcomere: M line

A

centre of sarcomere: thick filaments attach

32
Q

Sarcomere: H zone

A

Thick filaments only

33
Q

Sarcomere: Z disc

A

filamentous protein network: attaches actin myofilaments.

34
Q

Sarcomere: titin filaments

A

elastic chains of polypeptides - align thick & thin filaments

35
Q

State the resting length of a sarcomer

A

2-2.2ym

36
Q

Mechanism of contraction (skeletal & cardiomyocytes).

A

Contraction: DEPOLARISATION -

  1. Excitation -> Na+ channels
  2. L-type Ca2+ channels
  3. Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release from RyR (ryanodine receptors) - sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  4. Ca2+ stimulates contraction.
37
Q

Mechanism of Relaxation (skeletal & cardiomyocytes)

A

REPOLARISATION:

  1. Ca2+ reuptake into SR
  2. Ca2+ withdrawal to ECF
  3. Ca2+ exchanged for 3Na+ via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) , then 3Na+ for 2K+ via Na+/K+ -ATPase.
  4. K+ channel activation.
38
Q

Describe the mechanism for smooth muscle contraction.

A
  1. Excitation-depolarisation due to voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel opening.
  2. Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release from ER/SR via RyR -> increased [Ca2+]
  3. Ca2+ binds calmodulin (CaM)
  4. Ca2+ -CaM complex activates Myosin light chain complex (MLCK)
  5. MLCK phosphorylates myosin head & stimulates contraction.
39
Q

What is the importance of Ca2+?

A
  • DEPOLARISATION & propagation of excitation
  • Activates muscle contraction
  • SIGNAL MOLECULE & SECOND MESSENGER
40
Q

What are the 4 stages of muscle excitation

A

Twitch, wave summation, incomplete tetanus & complete tetanus.

41
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bundle of parallel fibres bound by dense connective tissue.

Bound together form muscles.

42
Q

Describe the phases of contraction

A
  1. REST: ATP is hydrolysed.
  2. ACTION POTENTIAL: Ca2+ binds to troponin -> conformational change -> MYOSIN BINDS ACTIN.
  3. Powerstroke occurs: sarcomere contracts; ADP & P dissociate from myosin.
  4. New ATP binds myosin -> detaches from actin.
    ATP -> ADP + P causes reckocking of myosin head.

Y1 Anatomy (5 decks)

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