Gastrointestinal Flashcards
Epithelium: Simple \_\_ layer(s) Stratified \_\_ layer(s) Pseudostratified \_\_ layer(s) Squamous: \_\_\_ cells Columnar: \_\_\_ cells
Simple 1 layer Stratified >1 layer Pseudostratified 1 layer that pretends to be 2 Squamous: flat cells Columnar: column-like cells
State the main 3 salivary gland types.
Parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands.
What are the functions of saliva?
Lubricant (mucin content), digestion (α-amylase), protection of oral mucosa (lubricates, rinses, alkaline pH), antibacterial, thirst stimulation, speech, absorption in mouth.
State the main 3 muscles of mastication and their functions.
Temporalis (elevates jaw), masseter (elevates & protrudes lower jaw) & pterygoids (lateral movement of lower jaw)
State the 4 basic layers of the digestive tract.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.
State the 3 layers of mucosa and briefly describe their structure and function.
Epithelium (selective barrier; conatins goblet cells & endocrine cells), lamina propria (loose connective tissue; rich blood supply, immunological barrier), muscularis mucosa (thin layer of smooth muscle cells)
Describe the structure & function of submucosa.
Dense connective tissue: contains the submucosal plexus - part of the enteric nervous system.
Describe the function of muscularis externa.
PERISTALSIS (motility)
Describe the function of serosa.
Part of the peritoneum - covers & anchors abdominal organs to body wall.
State the 4 main regions of the stomach.
State the 2 sphincters.
oesophageal sphincter, FUNDUS, BODY, ANTRUM, PYLORUS, pyloric sphincter.
State the 3 layers of the Muscularis (stomach)
Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique muscle layer.
What do the fundus & body secrete
Acid from parietal cells, and pepsin precursor & pepsinogen from peptic (chief) cells.
3 endocrine secretions from the antral region include:
gastrin, histamine & somatostatin.
What is the peritoneum?
A layer of connective tissue which covers abdomen organs.
State the 3 regions of the small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
What are the 4 types of specialised cell present in villi?
Absorptive, goblet, granular & APUD cells.
State some functions of the liver.
Glucose storage, protein lipoprotein & cholesterol synthesis, bile salts - digestion, storage of fat soluble vits (A,D,E,K), toxin & drug metabolism/excretion.
State the 2 components of pancreatic juice & their function.
Alkaline secretions: high bicarbonate content - neutralises acidic gastric contents.
Pre-enzyme secretions - activated in gut.
What is the main zymogen (prepeptidase)? What is it activated to?
Trypsinogen -> trypsin via enteropeptidase.
Where are the liver & gall bladder located?
Right upper quadrant of abdomen, directly beneath diaphragm.
Describe the epithelium structure in the large intestine.
Simple columnar & contains crypts. Many goblet & absorptive cells present. Few APUD cells.
What are the main 3 regions of the large intestine>
Caecum, colon & rectum.
Colon -> ascending & descending regions.
State the main function of the large intestine
Absorption of water & ions. Some nutrients absorbed, mainly in the colon.
