Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

STEP 1 (2) > Musculoskeletal/Skin/CT- Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal/Skin/CT- Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ‘unhappy triad’?

A

commonly occurs due to lateral force applied to a planted leg and consists of damage to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus (attached to the MCL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is this?

A

A baker cyst, a popliteal fluid collection commonly relayed to chronic joint disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the ‘rotator cuff’ muscles?

A

SiTS

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

teres minor

Subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What innervates the supraspinatus and infrapspinatus?

A

suprascapular n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the supraspinatus do?

A

abducts the arm initially (before the action of the deltoid); assessed by empty can test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the infraspinatus do?

A

laterally rotate the arm (pitching injury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What innervates teres minor?

A

the axillary n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the teres minor do?

A

adduct and laterally rotate the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What innervates the subscapularis?

A

upper and lower subscapular nn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the subscapularis do?

A

medially rotate and adduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the major cause of medial epicondylitis? Lateral?

A

medial: golfing (aka golfer’s elbow)
lateral: tennis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the wrist bones?

A

from thumb to pinky first row: scaphoid, lunate, triquertrum, pisiform

from thumb to pinky second row: trapzeium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most commonly fractured wrist bone and the most prone to avascuar necrosis owing to retrograde blood supply?

A

scaphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dislocation of the ____ may cause acute carpal tunnel syndrome

A

lunate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A fall on an outstretch hand that dmaages the hook of the hamate cause cause _____ injury

A

ulnar nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression of the median nerve commonly seen in pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Guyon canal syndrome?

A

compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist or hand classically seen in cyclists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some common causes of axillary n. (C5-C6) damage?

A

fractured surgical neck of the humerus, anterior dislocation of the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How would a C5-C6 lesion present?

A
  • atropied deltoid
  • loss of arm abduction at sholder at 15+ degrees

loss of sensation over deltoid muscle and lateral muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a common cause of musculocutaneous (C5-C7) lesions?

A

upper trunk compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How would a musculocutaneous lesion present?

A

loss of forearm flexion and supination

loss of lateral forearm sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some common causes of radial (C5-T1) lesions?

A

-midshaft fracture of the humerus

compression of the axilla, e.g. due to crutches or sleeping with an arm over a chair (aka Saturday night palsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How would a radial branch lesion present?

A

wrist drop: loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension

decreased grip strength loss of sensation over posterior forearm/arm and dorsal hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some causes of median branch lesion (C5-T1)?

A

supracondylar fracture of the humerus (proximal)

carpal tunnel syndrome and/or wrist laceration (distal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How would a median n. lesion present?

A
  • ape hand and popes blessing
  • loss of wrist flexion, flexion of lateral fingersm thumb opposition, and lumbricals of the 2nd and 3rd digits
  • loss of sensation over the thenar eminence and dorsal and palmar aspects of lateral 3.5 fingers
  • positive Tinel sign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the major causes of ulnar (C8-T1) n. lesions?

A

fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus

fractured hook of hamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does an ulner n. lesion present?

A

ulnar claw on digital extension

radial deviation of wrist upon flexion

loss of wrist flexion, flexial of medial fingers, abduction and adduction of fingers (interossei)

loss of sensation over medial 1.5 fingers including hypothenar eminence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How would lesion of the recurrent branch of the median n. present?

A

ape hand with loss of thnar muscle group including opposition, abduction, and flexion of the thumb but without loss of sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What brachial roots contribute to the Long thoracic n.?

A

C5-C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the parts of the brachial plexus?

A

Roots

Trunks

Divisions

Cords

Branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What roots contribute to the upper trunk? middle? lower?

A

Upper- C5-C6

Middle- C7

Lower- C8-T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Erb’s palsy results from lesion of what?

A

the upper trunk (C5-C6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does Erb’s palsy present?

A

adduction (deltoid and supraspinatus lost)

medial rotation (lateral rotation impaired due to loss of infraspinatus)

arm extended and pronated (loss of biceps brachii)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Claw hand (aka Klumpke palsy) is caused by lesion to what?

A

lower TRUNK (C8-T1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Wrist drop is commonly due to lesion of the _____

A

posterior cord (which the axillary and radial nn. arise from)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are some common causes of Klumpke palsy (claw hand)?

A

infants- pulling the arm during delivery

adults- trauma (e.g. grabbing a tree branch when falling)

37
Q

What trunks contribute to the lateral cord? posterior? medial?

A

lateral: upper and middle (C5-C7)
posterior: all (C5-T1)
medial: lower only (C8-T1)

38
Q

What cords contribute to the musculocutanous n.? median n? ulnar n?

A

MSCutaneous: lateral only (C5-C7)

Median: lateral and medial (C5-T1)

Ulnar: medial only (C8-T1)

39
Q

What cords contribute to the axillary and radial nn.?

A

posterior only

40
Q

What muscles are deficient in Klumpke palsy?

A

intrinsic hand muscles: lumbricals, interossei, thenar, and hypothenar

41
Q

What causes thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

compression of the lower trunk of the BP and subclavian vessels commonly due to an additional cervical rib or pancoast tumor

42
Q

How does TOS present?

A

There are three main types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial.

The neurogenic type is the most common and presents with pain, weakness, and occasionally loss of muscle at the base of the thumb.

The venous type results in swelling, pain, and possibly a bluish coloration of the arm.

The arterial type results in pain, coldness, and paleness of the arm

43
Q

TOS affects mainly the upper limbs, with signs and symptoms manifesting in the shoulders, neck, arms and hands. Pain can be present on an intermittent or permanent basis. It can be sharp/stabbing, burning, or aching. TOS can involve only part of the hand (as in the pinky and adjacent half of the ring finger), all of the hand, or the inner aspect of the forearm and upper arm. Pain can also be in the side of the neck, the pectoral area below the clavicle, the armpit/axillary area, and the upper back (i.e., the trapezius and rhomboid area). Discoloration of the hands, one hand colder than the other hand, weakness of the hand and arm muscles, and tingling are commonly present.

TOS is often the underlying cause of refractory upper limb conditions like frozen shoulder and carpal tunnel syndrome that frequently defy standard treatment protocols. TOS can be related to Forward head posture.

A painful, swollen and blue arm, particularly when occurring after strenuous physical activity, could be the first sign of a subclavian vein compression related with an unknown TOS and complicated by thrombosis (blood clots), the so-called Paget–Schroetter syndrome or effort-induced thrombosis.

A

TOS can be related to cerebrovascular arterial insufficiency when affecting the subclavian artery. It also can affect the vertebral artery, in which case it could produce vision disturbances, including transient blindness, and embolic cerebral infarction.

TOS can also lead to eye problems and vision loss as a circumstance of vertebral artery compression. Although very rare, if compression of the brain stem is also involved in an individual presentation of TOS, transient blindness may occur while the head is held in certain positions.[8] If left untreated, TOS can lead to neurological deficits as a result of the hypoperfusion and hypometabolism of certain areas of the brain and cerebellum

44
Q

What muscle is impacted by a lesion of the LTN?

A

serratus anterior

45
Q

What is the function of the lumbricals?

A

flexion of the MCP, and extension of the DIP/PIP joints

46
Q

Clawing is most commonly sseen with distal lesions of the _____ or ______ nn.

A

median or ulnar (remaining extrinsic flexors of the digits exaggerate the loss of the lumbricals)

defects are less pronounced in proximal lesions

47
Q

Ulnar claw (below) which is marked by this appearance at rest or when trying to extend the fingers is caused by lesion of what?

A

DISTAL ulnar n. lesion

48
Q

Pope’s blessing, which looks similar to an ulnar claw, and occurring when a pt. tries to make a fist is caused by what?

A

a proximal median n. lesion

49
Q

A median claw (below), seen when a pt. tries to extend their fingers or at rest is caused by what?

A

distal median n. lesion

50
Q

An “OK gesture” which appears the same as a median claw and occurring when a pt. tries to make a fist is caused by what?

A

a proximal ulnar nerve lesion

51
Q

Note that atophy of the thenar eminence can be seen in median n. lesions, while atrophy of the hypothenar eminence is more commonly seen in ulnar n. lesions

A
52
Q

What do the dorsal interossei do? Palmar?

A

Dorsal abduct (DAB)

Palmar adduct (PAD)

53
Q

What do lumbricals do?

A

flex at the MCP, extend at the PIP and DIP

54
Q

Obturator n. lesion (L2-L4) is common when?

A

following pelvic surgery

55
Q

How does obturator n. lesion present?

A

decreased thigh sensation (medial) and adduction

56
Q

Femoral n. lesion (L2-L4) is common when?

A

pelvic fracture

57
Q

How does femoral n. lesion present?

A

decreased thigh flexion and leg extension

58
Q

Common peroneal (L4-S2) n. lesion is common when?

A

trauma or compression of the lateral aspect of the leg, or fibular neck fracture

59
Q

How does common peroneal n. lesion present?

A

foot drop- inverted and plantarflexed at rest

loss of eversion and dorsiflexion

“steppage gait”

loss of sensation on foot dorsum

60
Q

What are some common causes of tibial (L4-S3) n. lesion?

A

knee trauma,

Baker cyst (proximal lesion)

tarsal tunnel syndrome

61
Q

How does a tibial (L4-S3) n. lesion present?

A

Inability to curl toes and loss of sensation on the sole of the foot. In proximal lesions, the foot will be everted at rest with loss of inversion and plantarflexion

62
Q

What are some common causes of superior gluteal (L4-S1) n. lesion?

A

iatrogenic injury during intramusclar injection in _**Upper medial gluteal region**_

63
Q

How does superior gluteal n. lesion present?

A

Trendelenburg sign/gait- pelvis tilts because weigh-bearing leg canot maintain alignment of pelvis through hip abduction. Lesion is contralateral to the side of the hip that drops

Gluteus medius and minimus lost

64
Q

What is a common cause of inferior gluteal n. (L5-S2) n. lesion?

A

posterior hip dislocation

65
Q

How does an inferior gluteal n. lesion present?

A

difficulty climbing stairs, rising from seated position

Loss of hip extension (inferior nerve- maximus lost)

66
Q

The sciatic n. (L4-S3) innervates the posterior thigh and splits to form what?

A

common peroneal and tibial nn.

67
Q

Which way do intervertebral discs generally herniate and why?

A

posterolaterally due to the thin posterioe longitudinal ligamant and thicker anterior longitudinal ligmant along the midline of the vertebral bodies

68
Q

Weaknes of knee extension and decreased patellar reflexes suggest herniation of what disc?

A

L3-L4

69
Q

Weakness of dorsiflexion and difficult in heel-walking suggest herniation of what disc?

A

L4-L5

70
Q

Weakness and plantarflexion, difficult in toe-walking, and decreased achilles reflex suggest herniation of what disc?

A

L5-S1

71
Q

Injury to the axilla is likely to injur what n./a. pair?

A

long thoracic n. and a.

72
Q

What n./a. pair run near the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

the axillary n. and posterior circumflex a.

73
Q

What n./a. pair run near the midshaft of the humerus?

A

radial n. and deep brachial a.

74
Q

What n./a. pair run near the distal humerus/cubital fossa of the humerus?

A

median n. and brachial a.

75
Q

What n./a. pair run near the popliteal fossa of the humerus?

A

tibial n. and popliteal a.

76
Q

What n./a. pair run posterior to the medial malleolus of the humerus?

A

tibial n. and posterior tibial a.

77
Q

What are the steps of striated muscle contraction?

A
  1. action potential depolarization due to Ca2+ influx causing neurotransmitter release and binding to the postsynaptic motor end plate.
    2) Depolarization travels the muscle cell and down the T-tubule causing depolarization of voltage-sensitive dihydropyridine receptors, and then ryanodine receptors, causing Ca2+ influx from the SR
    3) Ca2+ binds to Troponin C, causing tropomyosin to move out of the myosin-binding groove on actin filaments
    4) Myosin releases bound ADp and inorganic PO43-, and binds actin causing a power stroke
78
Q

What parts of the sarcomere shorten during muscle contraction?

A

H and I bands and Z distance

A band remains the same

79
Q

What causes detachment of myosin head from actin?

A

binding of ATP to myosin

80
Q

Describe Type I muscle fibers

A

slow twitch, red fibers resulting from increased mitochondria and myoglobin concentration (increased oxidative phosphorylation) to produce sustained contraction

1 slow red ox

81
Q

Describe Type II muscle fibers

A

fast twitch, white fibers resulting from decreased mitochondria and myoglobin conc (incrased anaerobic glycolysis)

82
Q

Weight training= hypertrophy of ___ twitch fibers

A

fast

83
Q

How does smooth muscle contraction occur?

A

action potential causes membrane depolarization causing Ca2+ influx through L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels. Ca2_ binds to camodulin to activate MLCK which phosphorylates myosin to cause contraction

84
Q

How does NO cause relaxation of smooth muscle?

A

it increased cGMP from GTP (via guanylate cyclase) which activates myosin-light-chain-phosphatase (MLCP) to dephosphorylate myosin so that is doesnt interact with actin

85
Q

Describe endochrondral ossification

A

bones of axial and appendicular skleton and base of skull undergo this. Carilaginous model of bone is first made by chrondrocytes. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts later replace with woven bone and then remodel to lamellar bone.

86
Q

Describe membranous ossification

A

bone of calvarium and facial bones- woven bone formed directly without cartilage. Later remodeled to lamellar bone

87
Q

What do osteoblasts differentiate from?

A

mesenchyma stem cells in periosteum

88
Q

PTH hormone review

A

at low, intermittent levels, exerts anabolic effects on osteoblasts, but catabolic effects in hyperPTHism

89
Q

How does estrogen affect bone?

A

it inhibits apoptosid in bone-forming osteoblasts and induces apoptoside in osteoclasts (aka bone-building)

STEP 1 (2) (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions