Musculoskeletal PT2 Flashcards
Outline fixed/fibrous joints
Very stable & allow no observable movement
Bones often joined by strong fibres called sutures
Outline cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints
Joined by tough, fibrous cartilage usually provides shock absorption
Outline synovial/freely moveable joints
Joint enclosed in fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane
When bones contact each other they’re lined with smooth yet hard-wearing hyaline/articular cartilage
Outline hinge joints
Uniaxial joint allowing movement in 1 plane - strong ligaments prevent sideways movement
Flexion & extension
Elbow & Knee
Outline pivot joints
Uniaxial - only allows rotation
Rotation
Neck
Outline condyloid/ellipsoid joints
Biaxial - allowing movement in 2 planes
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Wrist
Outline gliding joints
Formed where flat surfaces glide past one another
Mainly biaxial but may permit movement in all directions
Foot & carpal bones in wrist
Outline saddle joints
Biaxial & occurs where concave & convex surfaces meet
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Thumb
Outline ball & socket joints
Allows widest range of movement & occurs where rounded head of bone fits into cup-shaped cavity
ALL
Hip & shoulder
Outline the difference between response & adaption
Response = immediate/short term
Adaption = long term
Outline the short term effects of training on the skeletal system
-Increased synovial fluid production - lubricates & mobilises joints, reducing risk of damage to cartilage, bones & ligaments
-Synovial fluid produced reduces impact of exercise on joint & increases ROM
-Body temperature increases - muscles & connective tissues warmer - stretch further & increase in blood flow
-Encourages formation of new bones to form - high impact activities cause bones slight damage. Osteoblasts travel from bone marrow to surface of bone to create lining, converting to osteocytes embedding into bone & calcify
Outline some positive effects (adaptations) of long-term exercise
Improved bone density (criss-cross matrix)
Reduced risk of osteoporosis
Increased tensile strength of ligaments to joints associated
Protects against stress fractures, sprains & dislocations in young athletes
Increased muscle tone, improves posture
Outline some negative effects (adaptations) of long-term exercise
Repetitive physical activity can cause stress fractures
Performing activities with poor technique may cause issues with joint pain
Young athletes could develop shin splints/Osgood Schlatter’s disease, preventing them from participating in physical activity
Tendinitis from continuous training at young age
