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Nursing Across The Lifespan 1 (Exam 2 Prep) > Musculoskeletal Panopto Part 1 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Panopto Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some Musculoskeletal considerations to remember for the Elderly?

A

Bone Density + CT & Cartilage + Joints + Muscle Mass

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2
Q

At what age does Bone Density and Muscle Mass start to change?

A

~Age 30

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3
Q

With Menopausal pt’s, what’s important to remember about their Bone Loss?

A

Bone Loss is Faster during Menopause (Due to Hormonal Changes / Not enough Calcium being Absorbed)

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4
Q

What does Menopause leave you at a higher risk of?

A

Osteoporosis

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5
Q

What happens to your Joints as you age?

A

They become more susceptible to damage + Be at a higher risk of Osteoarthritis

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6
Q

What is Synovial Fluid?

A

It basically acts as a sort of lubricant or cushion to allow for your joints to bend back and forth without any kind of friction occurring

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7
Q

What leaves you at a higher risk of Osteoarthritis as you age?

A

Loss of Synovial Fluid & Collagen

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8
Q

What are some of the conditions that lead to alterations in Mobility?

A

Synovitis + Arthritis + Muscle Atrophy + Osteoporosis + Osteoarthritis

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9
Q

What is Synovitis?

A

Inflammation of the Synovial Membrane

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10
Q

What can Synovitis be caused by?

A

Contusion / Sprain + Repetitive Motion + Rheumatologic Disease

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11
Q

How is Sinovitis treated?

A

Heat / Ice + Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Motrin).

May have to use Antibiotics depending on the cause.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Sinovitis?

A

Painful joints that worsen with movement + Edema at night + Full extension of the affect limb = Painful

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13
Q

How is Sinovitis diagnosed?

A

Ultra-Sound + MRI + Aspiration of the Synovial Fluid

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14
Q

Whenever you have your Synovial Fluid Aspirated, what is it being sent to the lab for to figure out?

A

To test for what type of Inflammation / Infection is in the Synovial Fluid

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15
Q

What is Arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the Joint

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Arthritis?

A

Joint Pain + Stiffness + Edema + Decreased Mobility

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17
Q

Can Arthritis affect any joint or only specific ones?

A

Any of them

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18
Q

How is Arthritis treated?

A

Immobilization + Anti-Inflammatory Meds

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19
Q

What are some of the main causes of Arthritis?

A

Aging + Autoimmune Disorders + Viral / Bacterial Infections

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20
Q

How is Arthritis diagnosed?

A

X-Ray of the Affected Joint + Ultrasound (If they need to remove Synovial Fluid from the Joint)

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21
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Softening of the Bone

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22
Q

What does Osteoporosis leave you at an increased risk for?

A

Fractures

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23
Q

How is Osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

Dual-Energy Absorptiometry (DXA).

X-Rays may be needed but it’s not considered to be diagnostic for Osteoporosis.

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24
Q

In Post-Menopausal pt’s what condition are they at a high risk for?

A

Osteoporosis

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25
Q

In what bones can bone loss occur?

A

Cortical and Calcaneus Bones

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26
Q

What are Primary Causes for Osteoporosis?

A

Aging + Gonadal Insufficiency + Decreased Calcium Intake + Low Vitamin D

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27
Q

What are Secondary Causes for Osteoporosis?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease + COPD + Multiple Myeloma + Malabsorption Syndromes + Endocrine Disorders + Rheumatoid Arthritis

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?

A

Generally Asymptomatic until Fractures occur.

When it causes Fractures of the Vertebral Bones:
Acute Pain + Residual Pain for Several Months.

When it causes a Thoracic Compression Fracture:
Can lead to Kyphosis + SOB + Suppression of the Abdominal Cavity.

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29
Q

How does Kyphosis lead to Respiratory Issues?

A

Their lungs become compressed by their humped back + Leaning forward won’t help the pt breathe anymore

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30
Q

What does a DXA measure?

A

Bone Density

31
Q

What labs need assessed if the pt has Osteoporosis? Why?

A

Calcium + Magnesium + Liver Enzymes (ALT + AST) + Parathyroid (PTH) Levels.

These need assessed in order to rule out any possible Cancers that may be occurring, that could have led to the Osteoporosis.

32
Q

How can Cancer lead to Osteoporosis?

A

Most of them steal Calcium from the body

33
Q

What is the most common disease of the joints?

A

Osteoarthritis

34
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

Chronic Degeneration of the Joints

35
Q

In what joints is Osteoarthritis the most common?

A

Weight Bearing Joints (Hands + Hips + Knees + Vertebrae)

36
Q

What symptoms does Osteoarthritis have if it’s affecting the Cervical/Lumbar Vertebrae?

A

Leg / Back Pain that’s aggravated by walking

37
Q

What symptoms does Osteoarthritis have if it’s affecting the Hip?

A

Loss of ROM + Pain aggravated by Weight Bearing Activities

38
Q

What symptoms does Osteoarthritis have if it’s affecting the Knee?

A

Knee Instability

39
Q

What symptoms does Osteoarthritis have if it’s affecting the Hand?

A

Mostly affects the Phalanges (Knuckles, Fingers)

40
Q

What is a Fracture?

A

A Break in the Bone (May be Open or Closed + May be Complete or Partial)

41
Q

What is a Fracture caused by?

A

Direct Injury + Pathological Processes (Cancer)

42
Q

What’s the difference between a Closed and Open Fracture?

A

Closed = Skin stays intact

Open = Skin’s not intact

43
Q

What is a Pathological Fracture?

A

Fracture that occurs from Minimal Force due to an Underlying Disease

44
Q

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

A

The Bones are too Brittle

45
Q

What is a Stress Fracture?

A

Fractures that are a result of Repetitive Force that’s applied to an area

46
Q

Where are Stress Fractures especially common? What type of person is especially at risk for a Stress Fracture?

A

The Feet (Runners are especially at risk)

47
Q

What meds might the elderly be taking that will increase their fall risk?

A

Anti-Hypertensives + Anti-Anxiety Meds + Opioids

48
Q

Once the pt is over the age of 65 and they experience a Hip Fracture, statistically, how long do they have left to live?

A

10 Years

49
Q

In what age group do Hip Fractures most often occur in?

A

Older Adults

50
Q

What are the symptoms of a Hip Fracture?

A

Inability to Bear Weight + Hip / Groin Pain on the affected leg when Outwardly Extended + Affected leg is Shorter than the Unaffected Leg.

51
Q

What are the symptoms of a Fracture?

A

Pain at Fracture Site + Bruising + Edema + Tenderness + Shortness of a Limb + Deformity + Displacement

52
Q

What is Displacement?

A

The Bone is out of alignment with the other Bone

53
Q

How is a Fracture diagnosed?

A

X-Ray 1st, then an MRI 2nd if necessary

54
Q

What are the Integumentary complications of Fractures?

A

Higher risk of Infection (If an Open Fracture)

Higher risk of Pressure Ulcers

55
Q

What are the Respiratory complications of Fractures?

A

High risk of Atelectasis + Pneumonia

56
Q

What does a fracture do to your sleep?

A

Can give you Insomnia due to the pain

57
Q

What are the top complications to be aware of that occur after Fractures? (Act Quickly if Suspected)

A

Infection + Bleeding + Neurovascular Compromise + Compartment Syndrome + Embolism

58
Q

The risk of the pt becoming Unstable due to Severe Bleeding is greater in what kinds of Fractures?
(Hypovolemic Shock Risk)

A

Pelvic + Femoral + Open Fractures

59
Q

How might a Fracture cause Neurovascular Compromise?

A

Damage to the Blood Vessels or Nerves

60
Q

What types of Fractures are the most often cause of a Disruption of Blood Supply?

A

Closed Fractures that are Displaced

61
Q

Generally, how long will it take for a pt to regain function of a Fractured Limb?

A

~2 Months

62
Q

When assessing a Joint for issues, what is important that we do?

A

Keep the Joint Immobile (To Prevent Further Complications)

63
Q

What are the 5 main things to assess during a Neurovascular Assessment?

A

Color
Edema / Deformities
Movement
Temperature
Sensation / Pain

64
Q

When performing a Neurovascular Assessment, what major complications are you checking for?

A

Compartment Syndrome + Bleeding + Fat Embolism

65
Q

What should always be done prior to Immobilizing a pt’s fracture?

A

Stabilizing Them

66
Q

What are some Orthopedic things that can’t be done by us because it is out of our scope of practice?

A

Reduction of a Fracture (Putting a Joint back in place)

67
Q

What do pt’s wearing a cast need to avoid?

A

Putting stuff in the cast + Getting it wet + Trimming rough edges

68
Q

Are Splints and Immobilizers aloud to be removed for bathing?

A

Yes

69
Q

What needs to be avoided before reapplying a Walking Boot? Why?

A

Wet Skin (Because of Skin Breakdown)

70
Q

For a pt with a Fracture, where should their affected limb be?

A

Elevated above the level of the Heart

71
Q

What is a Fasciotomy?

A

Reduces Pressure by cutting an opening into the limb

72
Q

When might you do a Fasciotomy?

A

Compartment Syndrome, etc.

73
Q

What is a Spiral Fracture a huge indicator of?

A

Abuse

74
Q

What are the 6 P’s for Compartment Syndrome?

A

Pallor + Pulse + Paresthesia + Pain

Could be Paralysis, Peripheral Edema, or Poikilothermia? I dunno I’ve heard lot’s of different things

Nursing Across The Lifespan 1 (Exam 2 Prep) (11 decks)

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