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MCN 109 Midterms > Musculoskeletal Injuries/ Trauma and Congenital Disorders > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Injuries/ Trauma and Congenital Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Fracture

A

break in continuity of bone

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2
Q

Cartilage

A

provide support, shape, and protection

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3
Q

Differences of Fracture in Children vs in Adults

A
  • bones in childhood = extremely porous = bend > break
  • periosteum = thick = not break all the way through
  • epiphyseal lines = cushion blow = bones may not break
  • healing = rapid due to overall increased bone growth
  • damage to area = undergrowth/ uneven growth = angulation
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4
Q

Common Fracture Sites

A
  1. clavicle
  2. humerus (supracondylar fracture: fall backward on hands with straight elbow = neurovascular complication: rel of brachial artery and nerves to fracture site)
  3. radius and ulna
  4. femur (associated w child abuse)
  5. epiphyseal plates (potential for growth deformity)
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5
Q

Closed or Simple Fracture

A

bone broken but skin not lacerated

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6
Q

Open or Compound Fracture

A
  • skin may be pierced by bone or by blow that breaks skin
  • bone may or may not be visible
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7
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

fracture at right angle in long axis

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8
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

fracture on one side of the bone = bend on other side of the bone

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9
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

fracture that results in 3 or more bone fragments

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10
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

fracture is diagonal to long axis

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11
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

atleast one part of bone has been twisted

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12
Q

Complication of Fractures

A
  • problems associated with immobility (muscle atrophy, joint contracture, pressure sores)
  • growth problems
  • infection
  • shock (due to blood loss)
  • venous stasis and thromboembolism
  • pulmonary emboli and fat emboli
  • bone union problems
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13
Q

Etiology

A
  • trauma from motor vehicle accidents, falls, or child abuse
  • resilience of soft tissue of children
  • predisposing factors: age, underlying factors
  • precipitating factors: diet
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14
Q

Assessment (5P’s)

A
  1. pallor
  2. paresthesia (tingling and numbness)
  3. pain (pain scale)
  4. pulse
  5. paralysis (sensation)
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15
Q

Manifestations

A
  1. deformity
  2. swelling
  3. bruising
  4. muscle spasm
  5. tenderness
  6. pain
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16
Q

Radiographic Examinations

A

reveals initial injury and subsequent healing progress

17
Q

Blood Studies: Bleeding

A

elevated aspartate transaminase

18
Q

Blood Studies: Muscle Damage

A
  • decrease hemoglobin and hematocrit
  • decrease lactic dehydrogenase
19
Q

Prevent Circulatory Impairment

A
  • assess pulse, color, temperature
  • report changes
20
Q

Prevent nerve compression syndromes

A
  • test sensation and motor function
  • induce subjective symptoms of pain, muscle weakness, burning sensation, limited ROM, and altered sensation
21
Q

Prevent Compartment Syndrome

A
  • assess muscle weakness and pain out of proportion to injury
  • early detection = prevent tissue damage
22
Q

Prevent Infection

A
  • including osteomyelitis
  • use infection control measures
23
Q

Prevent Renal Calculi

A
  • encourage fluids
  • monitor I&O
  • mobilize as much as possible
24
Q

Prevent Pulmonary Emboli

A
  • monitor child and adolescent with multiple fractures
  • emboli generally occurs within first 24 hours
25
Q

Causes of Congenital Disorders

A
  1. autosomal recessive
  2. gene mutation
  3. maternal exposure to teratogens, drugs, infection, alcohol
  4. embryological development anomalies
  5. fetal anoxia (absence of oxygen)
  6. problems with maternal nutrition (CAS
26
Q

Talus

A

ankle

27
Q

Pes

A

foot

28
Q

Talipes Disorders

A

also called as “clubfoot”

29
Q

Pseudo-talipes

A

can be corrected; eventually goes away

30
Q

Pirani Scoring System

A
  • Shafiq Pirani, M.D of Vancouver
  • 6 categories (3 hindfoot, 3 midfoot)
31
Q

Talipes Varus

A
  • inward rotation
  • bottom of feet face each other
32
Q

Talipes Valgus

A

outward rotation

33
Q

Talipes Calcaneus

A
  • upward rotation
  • walk on heels
34
Q

Talipes Equinus

A
  • downward rotation
  • walk on toes
35
Q

True Talipes

A

cannot be corrected

36
Q

Talipes Assessment

A

foot cannot be manipulated by passive exercises into correct position

37
Q

Talipes Management

A
  1. exercise
  2. casting
  3. surgery
  4. Denis Brown splint (bar shoe)
38
Q

Nursing Intervention

A
  • passive ROM exercise
  • cast care
  • child who is learning to walk must be prevented from trying to stand (restrain if necessary)
  • diversional activities
  • skin care
  • family teaching

MCN 109 Midterms (12 decks)

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