Musculoskeletal imaging

Question 1

What are some diagnostic imaging techniques (5)

Answer 1

1. X-ray
2. MRI
3. CAT
4. Ultrasound
5. Bone scan

Question 2

What is the x-ray film that contains the image of the patient called

Answer 2

Radiograph

Question 3

Prior to the 1970s what were the only imaging technique available

Answer 3

X-rays

Question 4

What does centralization mean

Answer 4

Pain goes from referred to the actual area of injury

Question 5

Who discovered x-rays

Answer 5

Wilhelm Roentgen

Question 6

When were x-rays discovered

Answer 6

1895

Question 7

What is another name for x-rays

Answer 7

Roentgenograph

Question 8

True or False:

X-rays are a print not negatives

Answer 8

False

Question 9

X-rays are a form of what

Answer 9

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 10

True or False:

X-rays cause ionization of silver atoms on film

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What are the positions x-rays can be taken in (4)

Answer 11

1. AP
2. PA
3. Lateral
4. Oblique

Question 12

What do lateral x-rays show

Answer 12

Facet joints

Question 13

What do oblique x-rays show

Answer 13

Intervertebral foramen

Question 14

What are the ABCs of x-rays

Answer 14

Alignment
Bone
Cartilage

Question 15

What do you use to read an x-ray

Answer 15

View box or illuminator

Question 16

Which way do you place the radiographs on the view box

Answer 16

As if the patient were facing the person viewing the film

Question 17

What are the 6 things seen on x-rays that are osteoblastic

Answer 17

1. Radiopaque
2. Opacity
3. Sclerosis
4. Hypertrophic bone
5. Increased radiodensity
6. Blastic lesion

Question 18

What does radiopaque mean

Answer 18

Beam didn’t pass through completely

Question 19

What is opacity

Answer 19

Whiteness

Question 20

What is sclerosis

Answer 20

Excessive formation

Question 21

What are the 5 things seen on x-rays that are osteoclastic

Answer 21

1. Radiolucent
2. Lucency
3. Osteopenia
4. Decreased radiodensity
5. Lytic lesion or lysis

Question 22

What is radiolucent

Answer 22

Beam passes through

Question 23

What is radio lucent

Answer 23

Black

Question 24

What effects radiodensity

Answer 24

Greater atomic weight absorb more of the x-rays and thickness of the material

Question 25

What does air/gas look like on an x-ray

Answer 25

Very black or black

Question 26

What does soft tissue/fat look like on an x-ray

Answer 26

Relatively dark, gray-black

Question 27

What does water look like on an x-ray

Answer 27

Gray

Question 28

What does bone look like on an x-ray

Answer 28

Relatively white

Question 29

What do metals look like on an x-ray

Answer 29

Bright white

Question 30

When looking at x-rays and examining bone what should you look for (6)

Answer 30

1. Density 2. Fracture 3. Tumor 4. Infection 5. Foreign body 6. Anomaly

Question 31

When looking at x-rays and examining joints what should you look for (4)

Answer 31

1. Foreign body 2. Arthritis 3. Dislocation 4. Fracture

Question 32

When looking at x-rays and examining soft tissue what should you look for (5)

Answer 32

1. Edema 2. Hemorrhage 3. Masses 4. Calcifications 5. Foreign body

Question 33

True or False: | If the physician didn't tell the patient what the x-ray means the PT should

Answer 33

False

Question 34

True or False: | Contrast can be both radiopaque or radiolucent

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is fluoroscopy

Answer 35

Injection of contrast to image

Question 36

What is fluoroscopy used for most commonly

Answer 36

Epidural placement

Question 37

What is an arthrography

Answer 37

Injection of contrast into joint space

Question 38

What is a myelography

Answer 38

Injection of contrast into muscle

Question 39

Are myelographs still popular

Answer 39

NO

Question 40

Why aren't myelographs not popular anymore

Answer 40

They cause severe headaches and nausea

Question 41

What are computed tomographs used for

Answer 41

Image a cross sectional slice of the body

Question 42

How do CTs work

Answer 42

They use x-ray beams which move through an arc 360 degrees aroud=nd a patient

Question 43

What does each slice of a CT usually measure

Answer 43

.3-1.5 cm

Question 44

What can CTs evaluate (6)

Answer 44

1. Bone 2. Soft tissue 3. Tumors 4. Fractures 5. Intraarticular abnormalities 6. Bone mineral analysis

Question 45

True or False: | MRIs involve ionized radiation

Answer 45

False

Question 46

What do MRIs utilize

Answer 46

Radiofrequencies of tissues within a magnetic field

Question 47

True or False: | Ferrous metals can contraindicate MRIs

Answer 47

True

Question 48

What is an MRI

Answer 48

Extremely powerful magnetic field coils, radio wave transmitters and radiowaves, and powerful computer

Question 49

1 tesla equals what

Answer 49

10000 times magnetic strength of the earth

Question 50

Where is the patient positioned during an MRI

Answer 50

The bore of the magnet

Question 51

True or False: | The magnet is superconducting and must be cooled to 4 degrees K

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What does the magnetic field cause

Answer 52

Certain alignment of atomic nuclei with the field

Question 53

What do the radiowaves being turned n cause

Answer 53

A shift in the direction of the body's magnetic field

Question 54

What happens when the radiowaves are turned off

Answer 54

The atoms return to their original magnetized state

Question 55

What creates the image in an MRI

Answer 55

The resonant energy which is released

Question 56

What is the resonant energy called

Answer 56

A signal

Question 57

True or False: Each tissue in the body gives off the same signal not matter the location in the bore of the magnet or the chemical composition

Answer 57

False

Question 58

T1 weighting MRIs show what

Answer 58

Anatomy

Question 59

T2 weighting MRIs show what

Answer 59

Pathology (water)

Question 60

What color is water in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

Answer 60

CT/X-ray: Gray T1: Dark T2: Bright

Question 61

What color is air in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

Answer 61

CT/X-ray: Black T1: Dark T2: Dark

Question 62

What color is fat in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

Answer 62

CT/X-ray: Black T1: White T2: Gray

Question 63

What color is bone cortex in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

Answer 63

CT/X-ray: White T1: Gray-black T2: Dark gray

Question 64

What color is bone marrow in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

Answer 64

CT/X-ray: Gray T1: Bright T2: Gray

Question 65

What Are T1 weighted MRIs good for

Answer 65

Anatomy

Question 66

What are T2 weighted MRIs good for

Answer 66

Pathology

Question 67

Why are T2 weighted MRIs good for pathology

Answer 67

Because lesions are usually water based

Question 68

How do nuclear scans work

Answer 68

Isotopes are attached to certain physiologic molecules and are absorbed by the afflicted tissue then imaged

Question 69

Nuclear scans have high specificity or sensitivity for inflammation

Answer 69

sensitivity

Question 70

What does sensitivity mean

Answer 70

Measure true positives so if it is negative it can be ruled out

Question 71

What is the purpose of ultrasounds

Answer 71

To see contractions of muscle in real time

Question 72

How do ultrasounds work

Answer 72

High frequency sound waves create an image of living tissue

Question 73

Are ultrasounds harmful

Answer 73

Heck not!!! That is why the are used for viewing bebes

Question 74

How do myelograms work

Answer 74

Contrast is injected into the subarachnoid space and mixes with CSF to produce a column of radiopaque fluid

Question 75

What are myelograms used for

Answer 75

To see where nerve is impinged or damaged

Question 76

What are the side effects of myelograms

Answer 76

Severe nausea and vomitting

Question 77

What is the mortise of the ankle

Answer 77

joint space between the tibia, fibula, and talus