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NCM 217A > Musculoskeletal | I love you > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal | I love you Flashcards

1
Q

The Skeletal System:

How many bones are there in the skeletal system excluding the boner you give me?

A

206

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2
Q

The Skeletal System:

The two types of bones

A

Compact bone & Spongy bone

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3
Q

The Skeletal System:

4 functions of bones

A

Locomotion/movement
Protection
Support and lever
Hematopoiesis

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4
Q

The Skeletal System:

Blood formation starts on one part of the body specifically on the iliac crest

A

Hematopoiesis

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5
Q

The Skeletal System:

Mineral deposition of Bones | Basic minerals found in the bone

A

Calcium (98%) & phosphorus (2%)

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6
Q

The Skeletal System:

Responsible for the breakdown of bones

A

Osteoclasts

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7
Q

The Skeletal System:

The building blocks of the bone

A

Osteoblasts

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8
Q

The Skeletal System:

Biochemical Characteristics of Bone (_____ Law)

A

Wolff’s Law

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9
Q

The Skeletal System:

Stiffness of the bone due to lack of usage (movement); is common among elderly and comatose patients.

A

Contractures

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10
Q

The Skeletal System:

Promotes release of calcium that is reabsorbed from bone by osteoclasts

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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11
Q

The Skeletal System:

Promotes calcium absorption in the bone in cases of hypercalcemia wherein there are high levels of calcium in the bloodstream.

A

Calcitonin Hormone

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12
Q

The Skeletal System:

Also known as ossification.

A

Bone Formation

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13
Q

The Skeletal System:

the process by which the bone matrix is formed and hard mineral crystals composed of calcium and phosphorus (e.g., hydroxyapatite) are bound to the collagen fibers.

A

Ossification

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14
Q

The Skeletal System:

Two types of bone formation

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral

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15
Q

The Skeletal System:

Type of bone formation that makes the irregular bones of the body,
also as flat bones.

A

Intramembranous

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16
Q

The Skeletal System:

Type of bone formation that is responsible for long bone formation

A

Endochondral

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17
Q

The Skeletal System:

Occurs when there is bone fracture or injury

A

Bone Remodeling

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18
Q

The Skeletal System:

If we have fractures, there will be debris, which is why ______ will “clean” them, then _______ will start with the bone remodeling

A

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

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19
Q

The Skeletal System:

In bone remodeling they are the ones who help repair and protect the area

A

Mononuclear cells (e.g. Phagocytes, monocytes,
terms ending with “cytes”)

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20
Q

The Skeletal System :

Responsible for range of motion; Where 2 bones meet

A

Joents XD Joints BABE! I LOVE YOU HEHEHE

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21
Q

The Skeletal System:

Is joined by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers

A

Fibrous joint

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22
Q

The Skeletal System:

A joint joined by cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joint

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23
Q

The Skeletal System:

A joint that is not directly joined

A

Synovial joint

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24
Q

The Skeletal System:

Joints that are immovable or no movement (e.g. skull sutures and gomphosis) - same with fibrous

A

Synarthrosis (fibrous joints)

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25
Q

The Skeletal System:

In infants, the skull seems soft due to the presence of _____(made up of cartilage). As the child grows, these parts of the skull harden as the fontanels close.

A

Fontanels

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26
Q

The Skeletal System:

Joints that have little movement like vertebrae

A

Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joints)

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27
Q

The Skeletal System:

A joint with full movement (e.g.synovial joints - shoulder, hip, elbow)

A

Diarthrosis(synovial joints) -

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28
Q

The Skeletal System:

6 types of joints

A
  1. Ball and socket
  2. Saddle
  3. Condyloid
  4. Pivot
  5. Gliding
  6. Hinge
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29
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

It connects bone to muscle

A

Tendon

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30
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

It connects bone to bone

A

Ligament (miss ko na monay mo T_T)

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31
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Musculoskeletal Assessment:

Demographics give me what I want, give me the 3 factors under demographics

A

Age
Sex (ta? AUGHY)
Race

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32
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Musculoskeletal Assessment:

Initital Assessment: What is the meaning of ABCDE

A

Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and environment

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33
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

What are the 6 P’s in the initial assessment?

A

Pain
Pallor
Paresthesia
Pulses
Paralysis
Poikilothermia

Pitoy ko AHE

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34
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

The first thing to be verbalized by the patient

A

Pain on palpation, on movement, and is constant

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35
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

tingling and/or numbing sensation; sensations of burning, tingling,
or numbness. These sensations may be caused by pressure on nerves or by circulatory impairment.

A

Paresthesia

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36
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

Inability to regulate body temperature correctly; people with fractures are usually cold.

A

Poikilothermia

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37
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

Grating sensation of those person having fracture (popping, clicking or crackling sound in a joint)

A

Crepitus

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38
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

“nag-uslo” ang bones | Shortening of the limb

A

Dislocation

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39
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

there is a break in the continuity of bone

A

Fracture

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40
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

Contraction of muscle fibers

the length of the muscles remains constant but the force generated by the muscles is increased; an example of this is pushing against an immovable wall

A

Isometric contraction

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41
Q

The Musculoskeletal System:

Contraction of muscle fibers

characterized by the shortening of the muscle without an
increase in tension within the muscle; an example of this is flexing the forearm.

A

Isotonic contraction

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42
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Uses electromagnetic radiation

A

X-RAYS

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43
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

a non-invasive procedure that uses an x-ray beam to
scan body parts at different angles, compute tissue
densities, and record a cross-sectional image on
paper; may be performed with or without the use of
oral or intravenous (IV) contrast agents

A

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY or CT Scan

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44
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Two types of CT Scan

A

With contrast media & Without contrast media

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45
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

a procedure that involves injection of a radio-opaque dye to check for tumors or other problems in the spinal canal.

A

Myelography

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46
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Radiopaque or contrast medium is injected into the joint cavity to outline problems in specific areas such as bone erosion or to detect bone fragments (produces black and white, 2D image); similar to x-ray

A

Arthrography

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47
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

endoscopic direct visualization of joints, especially knee (produces a colored, 3D image)

A

Arthroscopy

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48
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

injection of a bone-seeking radioactive isotope to diagnose and track bone disease.

A

Bone Scanning

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49
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

used to measure bone mineral content and density (osteoporosis).

A

Bone Densitometry

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50
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

graphic presentation of the electrical potentials of muscles with the use of low-voltages electricity.

A

Electromyography

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51
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

uses magnetism and radiofrequency waves to produce cross-sectional images of body tissues on a computer screen

A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

wala ko ga pangakig ha gin copy paste ko lang ni sa PDF I love you babe I miss you na HUHU

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52
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

involves aspiration of synovial fluid, which provides lubrication in between bones with the use of large bore needles

A

Arthrocentesis

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53
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

it involves the removal of a sample from bone or muscle.

A

Bone or muscle biopsy

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54
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

used to assess color of synovial fluid and amount of WBCs present in the fluid to rule out possibility of infection.

A

SYNOVIAL FLUID DETERMINATION

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55
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Laboratory Studies

-For patients with gout or arthritis.

A

Uric acid

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56
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Laboratory Studies

  • For patients with rheumatoid arthritis, other autoimmune diseases, SLE, or problems in the liver.
A

Antinuclear antibody

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57
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Laboratory Studies

  • used to detect specific antibody-antigen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
A

Complement fixation (IgG)

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58
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Laboratory Studies

can indicate certain bone conditions.

A

Serum Calcium

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59
Q

The Musculoskeletal System | Radiologic Studies:

Laboratory Studies

can indicate liver or bone disorders.

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

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60
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

4 classifications of fractures

A

open (compound)
closed (simple)
complete / incomplete (greenstick)
comminuted and compressed (spinal)

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61
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

A fracture where bone breaks through the skin and can be seen outside the leg.

A

Open (compound)

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62
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

A fracture where there is no opening in the skin but there is a break in the continuity of the bone inside.

A

Closed (simple)

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63
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

A fracture where there is a complete break of the bone

A

Complete

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64
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

A fracture where a bone bends and breaks but does not separate into two separate pieces; Only one part of the bone is damaged, not completely broken

A

Incomplete (greenstick)

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65
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

A fracture where it is very common in elderly because of osteoporosis, sudden movement generates a break in the bone and compression in the nerves

A

Compressed (spinal)

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66
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

horizontal break in the bone

A

Transverse

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67
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

angle break in the bone

A

Oblique

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68
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

spiral/break in the bone that turns around

A

Spiral

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69
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

divides bone into two large pieces

A

Segmental

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70
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

one part of the bone attached to the tendon and because of too much
pressure, a part of the bone is removed due to the force of the tendon

A

Avulsed

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71
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

there’s also a break but because of too much pressure, instead of separating, from the bone, it was pushed further

A

Impacted

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72
Q

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

very fine fracture, also known as buckle fractures, are incomplete fractures of the shaft of a long bone that is characterized by bulging of the cortex as it heals (belt-shaped)

A

Torus

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73
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

Used to immobilize a reduced fracture; Correct deformity/support and stabilize weakened joints

A

CASTS

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74
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

can be defined as having two splits, in such a way as to leave a resting gutter for the injured limb.

A

bivalved surgical cast

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75
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

Contoured splints of plaster or pliable thermoplastic materials may be used for conditions that do not require rigid immobilization, for those in which swelling may be anticipated, and for those that require special skin care.

A

Splinting

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76
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

Do nurses perform closed reduction?

A

No

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77
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:
Interventions for applying cast include:

A

-Support extremity or body part to be casted.
-Support cast during hardening/drying with palms of
hands
-Leave cast uncovered and exposed to air (casts are
usually air dried)
-Encourage passive ROM exercise of joints not
casted (finger exercises) to maintain joint flexibility,
prevent contractures, and prevent muscle atrophy
-Observe for signs of infection
-Monitor circulation, motion, sensation

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78
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

A type of casting material that is commonly used and made out of gypsum.

A

Plaster of Paris

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79
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

A type of casting material that is more colorful

A

Fiberglass Cast

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80
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities:

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

It is the most common complaint of patients with
casts. Relieved by light tapping or by using a blower in a low
setting mode.

A

Itchiness

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81
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications:

increased tissue pressure within a limited space compromising the
circulation

A

Compartment syndrome

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82
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

Pain and tightness in the area, especially on the bony prominences

A

Pressure ulcers

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83
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

Muscle atrophy; bivalving of the cast reduces the limb size and weakens the bone

A

Disuse syndrome

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84
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

fat emboli enter circulation following orthopedic trauma, especially long bone; common in long bone fractures

A

Fat embolism

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85
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

Pain on calf upon dorsiflexion of foot.

A

positive Homan’s sign

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86
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

fat embolism on lungs creating obstruction

A

Pulmonary embolism

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87
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

healing does not occur within the expected time frame for the location and type of fracture.

A

Delayed union

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88
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

unaligned bone remodeling/healing

A

Malunion

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89
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Cast Complications

no bone healing

A

Nonunion

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90
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

Uses a pulling force to promote and maintain alignment to an injured part of the body.

A

Tractions

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91
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Tractions

Uses only bandages; Not an invasive procedure

A

Skin Traction

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92
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Tractions

It is often used when continuous traction is desired to immobilize, position, and align a fracture of the femur, tibia, and cervical spine; Invasive procedure because it requires an incision of the skin (uses pins such as Steinmann pins), screws, or wires) longer-term traction requiring heavier weights.

A

Skeletal Traction

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93
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Tractions

an external appliance that provides support, prevents or corrects joint deformities, and improves function; reduces the effects of weight-bearing on the body, or prevent movement of a joint or limb in a given
direction.

A

Orthopedic Brace

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94
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Tractions

involves passing a metal pin or wire through the bone under local
anesthesia, avoiding nerves, blood vessels, muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

Skeletal Tractions

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95
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Tractions

prescribed for short-term use to stabilize a fractured leg, control muscle spasms, and immobilize an area before surgery.

A

Skin Tractions

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96
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Tractions

4 types of skin tractions

A

Buck’s traction
○ Buck’s Traction
○ Russel’s Traction
○ Bryant’s Traction
○ Cotrel’s Traction

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97
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

Correction and alignment of the fracture after surgical dissection and
exposure of the fracture

A

Open Reduction

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98
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

Stabilization of the reduced fracture by the use of metal screws, plates, wires, nails, and pins

A

Internal fixation

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99
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

Replacement of all or part of the joint surface just like damages in ligaments or cartilage - uses titanium to lessen the reject of the body from the for ring material.

A

Arthroplasty

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100
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

immobilizing fusion of a joint where fracture cannot work as an
individual bone so this procedure will fuse it all together, movement will be affected (cannot be bent anymore) but can be the best way to save the case.

A

Arthrodesis

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101
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

incision and diversion of the muscle fascia, if there’s the possibility of
compartment syndrome where too much inflammation decreases the blood supply/circulation in that area or distal to the injury, ______will be done.

A

Fasciotomy

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102
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

movement of tendon from one place to another in order to improve function, to relieve pressure in tendons, movement will be affected

A

Tendon transfer

103
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

replacement of a severely damaged hip with an artificial
joint.

A

Total hip replacement

104
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

who have severe pain and functional disabilities related to
the destruction of joint surfaces by bleeding into a joint.

A

Total knee replacement-

105
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

Removal of a body part usually an extremity wherein all conditions will be met first before proceeding to this procedure

A

Amputation

106
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

a Level of Amputation where it is performed with the goal of preserving
maximal functional length. The prosthesis is fitted early to ensure maximum function.

A

AKA- Above-the-knee amputation

107
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities

Indications of amputation

A

-Irreversible ischemia in a diseased or traumatized
limb
-Peripheral vascular diseases
-Burns
-Frostbite
-Malignant tumors
-Gangrene
-Crushed injury

108
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Complications of amputation

A common possibility when there is an opening on the skin. This is why physicians would advise the patient to take antibiotic medications.

A

Infection

109
Q

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities | Complications of amputation

This is a common occurrence that is mostly psychological than physiological.

A

Phantom limb syndrome/Phantom Pain

110
Q

si stan

A

dako buto

111
Q

Management of Acute Low back Pain

A
  • Avoid strenuous physical activity
    ● Heat or ice (ice for the first 48-72 hours, then use heat)
    ● Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) or acetaminophen
    (Tylenol).
    ● Curled-up, fetal position with a pillow between leg if sleeping.
    ● Pillow or rolled towel under when sleeping on back
    ● Stretching and strengthening exercise
112
Q

caused by a sudden injury to the muscles and
ligaments supporting the back. Pain by muscle spasms or a strain or tear in the
muscles and ligaments

A

Upper Extremity Problems

113
Q

inflammation (swelling, heat) or irritation of a bursa.

A

Bursitis

114
Q

small sacs between bone and other moving
parts, such as muscles, skin, or tendons which
allows smooth gliding between moving parts

A

bursae

115
Q

inflammation or irritation of a tendon

A

Tendinitis

116
Q

thick, fibrous cords that connect
muscles to bone that send power caused by muscle contraction to move a bone

A

Tendons

117
Q

Management of Tendinits

A
  • Reduce/avoid particular activity
    ● Right body position during activities
    ● Warm-up before/correct posture during exercise
    ● Splint, applying moist heat or ice
    NSAIDs to control inflammation and pain
    ● Steroid injections for short-term and rapid
    movement of the shoulders but not for long-term.
118
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE

Paget’s disease is also known as:

A

Osteitis Deformans

119
Q

fragments of bone/cartilage that freely float in the joint space

A

Loose Bodies (Joint Mice)

120
Q

2 classifications of loose bodies

A

Stable (1 area only) & Unstable (moves freely)

121
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE

The four factors of Paget’s disease

A

● Genetics/hereditary factors
● Hereditary
● Virus
● Environmental factors

122
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE

PANICS:

A

○ Pain in bone
○ Arthralgia (pain in the joints)
○ Neural deafness/nerve compression
○ Increased bone density
○ Cardiac failure
○ Skull or sclerotic vertebrae

123
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE

Assessment:

A

● Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase.
○ This type of test is used to determine if a
person has a bone disorder or not
● Urinary hydroxyproline excretion reflects increased
osteoblastic activity
● X-ray confirms Paget’s disease that shows
characteristics of mosaic pattern.

124
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE

Management:

A

● No cure
● Pain is responsive to NSAIDS such as Ibuprofen
● Walking aids, shoe lifts, and physical therapy for
gait problems
○ Because our px has deformed bones and
extremities, they have problem with balance
and coordination
● Weight control
○ If our px is big, this causes pressure on our
weight bearing bones.

125
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE

Three phases of Paget’s Disease:

A

● Lytic Phase
● Mixed Phase
● Sclerotic Phase

126
Q

3 types of loose bodies

A
  1. Fibrinous- joint bleeding/death od synovial membrane
  2. Cartilaginous- fragments of cartilage
  3. Osteocartilaginous- bone and cartilage
127
Q

BONE TUMORS

A lump or mass of tissue that forms when cells divide uncontrollably

A

Bone Tumor(s)

128
Q

BONE TUMORS

Type of bone tumor that is:
○ Most common
○ Malignant tumor of bone marrow
○ Affects approximately 5-7 people per 100,000
each year
○ Most common cases are seen between 50-70
years old

A

Multiple Myeloma

129
Q

BONE TUMORS

Type of bone tumor that is:
○ Second most common bone cancer
○ Occurs in 2-3 new people per million people
each year
○ Most cases occur in teenagers
○ Occur around the knee, hip, and shoulder
(mostly long bones)

A

Osteosarcoma

129
Q

BONE TUMORS

Type of bone tumor that is:
○ Most common occurs between 5-20 years of age
○ Common locations (upper and lower leg, pelvis,
upper arm, and ribs)

A

Ewing’s Sarcoma

130
Q

BONE TUMORS

Type of bone tumor that is:
○ Occurs most commonly in px between 40 - 70
y.o.
○ Most cases occur around the hip and pelvis, or
the shoulder

A

Chondrosarcoma

131
Q

BONE TUMORS

Type of bone tumor that is:
○ Non-ossifying fibroma unicameral (simple)
bone cyst
○ Osteochondroma
○ Giant cell tumor
○ Enchondroma
○ Fibrous dysplasia
○ If this increases in size and compromises our
nerves and tissues, then they have to be
removed.

A

Benign bone tumors

132
Q

BONE TUMORS

Clinical Manifestations

A

● Dull and achy pain in the area of the tumor.
● Pain may or may not get worse with activity.
● Fevers and night sweats
● Painless mass
● Benign tumors may be discovered incidentally
when X-rays are taken for other reasons (sprained
ankle or rotator cuff problem)
● Weak bones

133
Q

Tendons of the rotator cuff become irritated and
inflamed as they pass through the subacromial
space, the passage beneath the acromion

A

Impingement Syndrome

134
Q

Type of balloon filled-lump which shows up next to a joint/tendon. Exists when there is trauma or injury on a particular part of the body specifically in the hands.

A

Ganglion

135
Q

These small cysts will try to lump together creating a balloon-filled lump which shows up next to the joint or tendon. Soft or hard, may or may not be painful, and may get bigger or smaller on its own

A

Ganglion

136
Q

thickened skin on the top or side of a toe,
usually from shoes that do not fit properly.

A

Corn

137
Q

thickened skin on hands and soles of feet.

A

Callus

138
Q

BONE TUMORS

Diagnostics

A

● Medical history
● Physical exam
● Imaging
○ X-ray
○ MRI/CT scan
● Needle biopsy
● Open biopsy

139
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

Complete separation of the articular surfaces of a joint

A

DISLOCATION

140
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

is a partial dislocation and does not cause as much deformity as complete dislocation (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018).

A

Subluxation

141
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

Complication of a dislocation or subluxation that is not reduced is called _______ which is necrosis of the bone cells due to the absence of oxygen (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018).

A

avascular necrosis

142
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

complete/incomplete tear in supporting ligament of a joint due to twisting motion

A

SPRAIN

143
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

overstretching injury to a muscle and tendon due to excessive vigorous movement

A

STRAIN

144
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

Manifestations of SPRAIN:

A

○ Pain and discomfort especially on joint
movement
○ Edema, possibly ecchymoses
○ Decreased joint movement
○ Feeling of joint looseness with severe sprain

145
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

Manifestation of STRAIN:

A

○ Pain (sudden, severe, and incapacitating)
○ Edema
○ Ecchymoses developed several days after
injury.

146
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

The degree of a SPRAIN where there are tears in some fibers of the ligament and mild, localized hematoma formation.

A

First-degree/ Mild Grade

147
Q

Management of Corns and Callus

A
  • Prevent friction.
    ● Wear shoes that fit. Avoid shoes with rigged
    structures.
    ● Use of donut-shaped corn pads.
    ● Orthotic devices can be made to remove pressure
    from bony prominences.
    ● Use of a pumice stone to gently wear down the
    corn. Use with caution since it may create an
    opening or wound in that particular area.
    ● Wear gloves during activities that cause friction
    (gardening and weight lifting).
    ● Corns are treated by a podiatrist by soaking and
    scraping off the horny layer, by application of a
    protective shield or pad, or by surgical
  • modification of the underlying offending osseous
    structure.
148
Q

Curved and grows into the skin, usually at the nail borders (the sides of the nail). This “digging in” of the nail irritates the skin,
creating pain, redness, swelling, and warmth in the
toe.

A

Ingrown toenails

149
Q

deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, or fourth toe causing it to be permanently bent, resembling a hammer.

A

Hammer toe

150
Q

Type of hammer toe: distal

A

Mallet toe

151
Q

Type of Hammer Toe: distal and proximal

A

Claw toe

152
Q

Type of Hammer Toe: Proximal

A

Hammer toe

153
Q

surgical cutting of the bone to remove
the deformity.

A

Osteotomy

154
Q

Visible bump that changes the bony framework of the front parts of the foot. Big toe leans toward the second toe, rather than pointing straight ahead which throws the bones out of alignment

A

Hallux Vagus (Bunion)

155
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

The degree of a SPRAIN where there is partial tearing of the
ligament.

A

Second-degree/ Moderate
Grade

156
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

The degree of a SPRAIN where there the ligament is completely torn or
ruptured. This is also associated with avulsion fractures.

A

Third-degree/ Severe Grade

157
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

The degree of a STRAIN where there is mild stretching of muscle or tendon with no loss of ROM.

A

First-degree

158
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

The degree of a STRAIN where there is moderate stretching and or partial stretching of the muscle or tendon with increased pain with passive ROM.

A

Second-degree

159
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

The degree of a STRAIN where there is severe muscle or tendon stretching with rupturing and tearing of involved tissue. An
avulsion fracture may be associated with this degree of strain.

A

Third-degree

160
Q

Flat feet, Arch of the foot collapses, with the entire sole of the foot in complete contact with the ground.

A

Pes Planus

161
Q

SPRAIN and STRAIN

PRICE acronym

A

○ Protection: protect from further injury
through support of the affected area (e.g.
sling) and/or splinting.
○ Rest: this prevents additional injury and
promotes healing.
○ Ice: intermittent application of cold packs
during the first 24 to 72 hours after injury
produces vasoconstriction. The cold packs
should not be placed for longer than 20
minutes.
○ Compression: an elastic compression
bandage controls bleeding, reduces
edema, and provides support for the
injured tissues.
○ Elevation: elevate at or just above the level
of the heart to control swelling.

162
Q

(support, foot gymnastics) for Pes Planus

A

Orthoses

163
Q

High arch. Human foot type in which the sole of the foot is distinctly hollow when bearing weight

A

Pes Cavus

164
Q

can cause inflammation in
the plantar fascia and tendons

A

Talocalnaneal Coalition

165
Q

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

Occur in supraspinatus muscle/tendon

A

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

166
Q

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

Tear damages the soft tissue, but does not completely sever it

A

Partial Tear

167
Q

A benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar
nerve, most commonly of the 3rd and 4th
intermetatarsal spaces (nerve swelling and
inflammation in that area can create localized pain)

A

Morton’s Neuroma

168
Q

A minimally invasive procedure for Morton’s neuroma during which the affected nerve is exposed to cold (-50 or -70 degrees) or frozen

A

Cryogenic neuroblation

169
Q

Painful inflammation of the joint due to infection

A

Septic Athritis

170
Q

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

Splits the soft tissue into two pieces; Hole in the tendon

A

Full-thickness tear (complete tear)

171
Q

usually comes from tuberculosis of the
lungs

A

Tuberculosis of the bone/ Pott’s disease

172
Q

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

Symptoms

A

● Pain at rest and at night, particularly if lying on the
affected shoulder
● Pain when lifting and lowering arm
● Aching pain that is typically insidious in nature
unless related to an acute injury (Brunner &
Suddarth, 2018).
● Weakness when lifting or rotating arm
● Crepitus or crackling sensation - bones maipit sa
rotator cuff (sorry guys sa phone lang ko haahaa) <– XD

173
Q

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

Diagnostics

A

● X-ray
● Magnetic Resonance Imaging

174
Q

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

relieves pain/improves function on the shoulder

○ Rest
○ Activity modification
○ Non-steroidal anti inflammatory medication
(ibuprofen and naproxen)
○ Strengthening exercises and physical therapy
○ Steroidal injection

A

Nonsurgical treatment

175
Q

ROTATOR CUFF TEARS

Modification of acromium by using arthroscope

  • Post-operatively, the shoulder
    immobilizer for several days to 4
    weeks (Brunner & Suddarth,
    2018).
  • The course of rehabilitation is
    lengthy (i.e. 3 to 6 months)
    (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018).
A

Arthroscopic Acromioplasty

176
Q

6 Smart facts about antibiotic use by CDC

A
  1. life-saving
  2. only treat bacterial infections
  3. some ear infections do not require antibiotic
  4. more sore throats do not require antibiotic
  5. green mucus do not need antibiotic
  6. there are risks
177
Q

Top 10 natural antibiotics

A
  1. Olive leaf extract
  2. Honey
  3. Garlic
  4. Oil of oregano
  5. Ginger
  6. Turmeric
  7. Echinacea
  8. Goldenseal
  9. Grapefruit seed extract
  10. Neem
178
Q

Infection and inflammation of the bone due to
bloodstream infection (hematogenous) or
penetrating trauma (contiguous-focus)

A

Osteomyelitis

179
Q

Most common agent in osteomyelitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

180
Q

bone abscess cavity which
contains dead bone tissue

A

Sequestrum

181
Q

New bone growth forms _____

A

Involcrum

182
Q

removal of involucrum (to remove sequestrum)

A

Sequestrectomy

183
Q

Different from septic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis: Degenerative joint disease or “wear and tear” arthritis

A

Osteoathritis

184
Q

EPICONDYLITIS

Cumulative trauma injury that occurs over time from repeated use of the muscles of the arm and forearm; also known as “tennis elbow”

A

EPICONDYLITIS

185
Q

Occurs when the cartilage or cushion between
joints breaks down

A

Osteoathritis

186
Q

excessive iron in body

A

Hemochromatosis

187
Q

due to the loss of cartilage, the body will create more bones, increasing osteoblastic activity
(compensatory mechanism of the body), problem is that it is irregular, still making the bones rub against each other

A

Bone spur

188
Q

small bony growths that appear
on the joint closest to the tip of your finger
○ Distal interphalangeal

A

Heberden’s nodes

189
Q

swelling affecting the proximal
interphalangeal finger joint
○ in the proximal interphalangeal

A

Bouchard’s nodes

190
Q

EPICONDYLITIS

associated with someone who frequently extends the wrist and supination of the forearm.

A

Lateral epicondylitis

191
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Osteoarthritis has NO CURE. Once the cartilage is gone, it will not be
restored

A

TRUE

192
Q

Topical product, Comes from chili, Expensive, Rubbed on the knees/ affected area among osteoarthritis

A

Capsaicin cream

193
Q

damaged bone and cartilage in
the acetabulum (hip socket) is removed and
replaced with a metal shell

A

Hip resurfacing

194
Q

EPICONDYLITIS

associated with repetitive wrist flexion and supination of the forearm.

A

Medial epicondylitis

195
Q

Disorder of bone metabolism

A

Osteoporosis

196
Q

eating food rich in gluten (garlic, wheat,
bread, rye) the villi in the small intestine
gets damaged which there will be less
absorption of calcium

A

Celiac disease

197
Q

low hormone (estrogen,
testosterone, progesterone), causing low
calcium

A

Hypogonadism

198
Q

ACCESS leads to osteoporosis:

A

Alcohol use
Corticosteroid use
Calcium low
Estrogen low
Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking

199
Q

“DEXA” spell out

A

Dual Energy X-ray

200
Q

EPICONDYLITIS

Occupational Causes

A

● Repeated or forceful rotation of the forearm/bending or straightening of the wrist
● Impact activity or jerky, throwing motions
● Awkward positioning of the racket/mouse

201
Q

EPICONDYLITIS

Symptoms

A

● Tenderness over the bony protuberances
● Pain radiate from the elbow down the forearm and upper arm
● Activity makes the pain worse
● Loss of elbow and wrist motion due to pain
● Weakness
● Elbow will be swollen over the bony protuberances

202
Q

EPICONDYLITIS

Prevention & Early Treatment

A
  1. Counterforce bracing (tennis elbow strap)
  2. Splinting (custom made or prefabricated) with the wrist held slightly back for lateral epicondylitis or in neutral position or slightly bent towards the palm for medial epicondylitis
  3. Avoid activities which cause pain
  4. Ergonomic tools - tools which will adhere to the supposed position of the hand
    a. Suited to the body
  5. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy - apply shock on the particular joint to promote proper healing
  6. Steroids Injection
  7. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) - promote proper healing
  8. Equipment Check
203
Q

EPICONDYLITIS

Treatment

A
  1. Hand therapy techniques
  2. Supervised exercise program to stretch tight muscles, strengthen weak muscles promote postural balance (forearm stretches, tendon, and nerve gliding exercises)
  3. Ice massage
  4. First Line of Treatment: rest through cessation of aggravating movements (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018).
  5. Other identified treatments include (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018):
    a. Intermittent application of ice
    b. Administration of NSAIDs
    c. Immobilization in a molded splint
    d. Local injection of corticosteroids (ONLY
    FOR SEVERE CASES)
204
Q

ACL Injury

Miss mo na rin ba ako?

A

Kase miss na miss na kita Amy ko :<

205
Q

ACL Injury

Occurs through a twisting force being applied to the knee whilst the foot is firmly planted on the ground or upon landing; Common knee injury amongst sports people

A

ACL Injury

206
Q

Diet among osteoporosis: has the highest amount of calcium

A

Tofu

207
Q

An autoimmune disease. Attacks synovial joints, produces synovitis secondary to hyperplasia of synovial cells, excess synovial fluid (causes inflammation), and formation of pannus (hyperplasia of synovial cells) in the
synovium

A

Rheumatoid Athritis

208
Q

Fusion of bones

A

Ankylosis

209
Q

decrease in bone density

A

Osteopenia

210
Q

ACL Injury

Direct impact to the front of the tibia itself; occurs when the foot is firmly planted and the leg sustains direct backward force.

A

POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY

211
Q

ACL Injury

Signs and Symptoms

A
  1. Pain at the time of impact/felt in the calf region
  2. Swelling
  3. Posterior draw test
  4. Pain and laxity when a “Reverse Lachman’s test” is
    performed
  5. Instability of the joint/feeling of the knee giving way
212
Q

ACL Injury

One of a number of tests used to help diagnose a positive ACL
injury/rupture. It is used to compare to the non-symptomatic leg

A

Lachman Test

213
Q

ACL Injury

Treatment | RICE

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.

214
Q

Gout when big toe in involved

A

Podagra

215
Q

caused by elevated levels of uric acid which
crystallize and are deposited in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues

A

Gout

216
Q

the blood which crystallize and are deposited in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues

A

Tophi (Tophaceous gout)

217
Q

AKA Osteitis Deformans

A

Paget’s disease

218
Q

Idiopathic bone disorder characterized by
abnormal and accelerated bone resorption.

A

Paget’s disease

219
Q

ACL Injury

Treatment

A

● RICE - Rest, Ice (to prevent inflammation; don’t apply directly to skin), compression (to prevent bleeding) and elevation (to control bleeding; placing a pillow)
○ Immediate post-injury management includes PRICE and stabilization of the joint until it is elevated for a fracture (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018).
● Anti-inflammatory/NSAIDS medication - reduce pain
● Physical Therapy - regain/build muscle strength over time
● Surgical ACL or PCL Reconstruction may be scheduled after near-normal joint ROM is achieved and includes tendon repair with grating (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018).

220
Q

Elevated uric acid levels

A

Hyperuricemia

221
Q

Meniscal Injury

is a crescent-shaped cartilage located on either the right and left side of the proximal tibia, between the tibia and the femur

A

Meniscus

222
Q

Meniscal Injury

Signs and Symptoms

A

● Feeling a “pop” during meniscus tear
● Knee gradually becomes stiffer and swollen
● Pain
● Stiffness and swelling
● Catching or locking of the knee
● Sensation of the knee “giving way” during walking or running.
● Limited range of motion.

223
Q

Meniscal Injury

Diagnostics

A

● Physical examination and history
● Imaging tests
● X-ray
● Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
○ This is the diagnostic tool used to detect a
torn meniscus (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018).
● McMurray Test.

224
Q

Meniscal Injury

Examiner will let the client lie down and rotate the lower leg then extend and rotate from time to time. If you could hear some clicking sound it’s possible that there is a meniscal tear or injury.

A

McMurray Test

225
Q

When to use hot vs cold for pain management:

Uses of Hot therapy (warm compress)

A

○ Tight muscles/stiff joints
○ Pinched nerves
○ Muscle pain
○ Arthritis discomfort
○ To soothe or relax body

226
Q

When to use hot vs cold for pain management:

Uses of cold therapy

A

○ Sprains/strains
○ Bumps/bruises
○ Fresh injuries
○ Torn muscles
○ Workout recovery

227
Q

When to use hot vs cold for pain management:

Effects of hot therapy:

A

■ Increases blood flow to the area
■ Aids in the repair of damage tissue
■ Soothes patient discomfort
■ Allows area to heal faster

228
Q

When to use hot vs cold for pain management:

Effects of cold therapy

A

○ Numbs the affected area
○ Decreases the blood flow
○ Reduces swelling and inflammation
○ Reduces bruising

229
Q

When to use hot vs cold for pain management:

Cautions of hot and cold therapy

A

○ 20 minutes. Never apply hot or cold therapy for more than 20 minutes at a time
○ Wrap in a towel. Wrap compress in a towel or cloth when applying to your skin to protect against burns

230
Q

A miniature camera is inserted through a small incision which provides a clear view of the inside of the knee

A

Knee Arthroscopy

231
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Heavy use of computer mouse due to postures of the hands and wrist, can result in a strain injury to the wrist.

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

232
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms (Brunner & Suddarth, 2018):

A

● Pain
● Numbness
● Paresthesia
● Weakness along the median nerve distribution(thumb, index, and middle fingers)
● Night Pain
● Fist clenching upon awakening
● Postive Tinel Sign

233
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

(percussing lightly over the median nerve - located on the inner aspect of the wrist- the patient reports pain, numbness, and tingling).

A

Postive Tinel Sign

234
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Treatment:

A

● Based on the cause;
○ Wrist splints
○ Avoidance of repetitive flexion of the wrist
○ NSAIDS
○ Carpal canal cortisone (methylprednisolone) injections
● Traditional open nerve release / endoscoping laser
surgery

235
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

the spine curves significantly inward at the lower back.

A

Lordosis

236
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degree of curvature) WTVR!

A

Kyphosis

237
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

sideways curve to their spine. The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped

A

Scoliosis

238
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

A disorder in which bones do not grow normally. Common in patients with dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia

239
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

vertebrae slips forward

A

Spondylolisthesis

240
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

compression fractures. Bones become so brittle that upon small movements, it creates a compression fracture on the anterior part
of the vertebra.

A

Osteoporosis

241
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

Causes of Kyphosis WTVR

A

● Congenital kyphosis
● Poor posture or slouching - ME
● Scheurmann’s disease - causes vertebrae to be misshapen
● Spina bifida - common in infants due to folate deficiency.
● Spine infections/spine tumors

242
Q

Spine Curvature Disorder

Causes of scoliosis

A

● Hereditary
● Injury/infection (too much usage and compression)

243
Q

Types of Braces

(Boston Overlap Braces or Thoracolumbar Sacral Orthosis [TLSO])
○ Are form-fitting plastic braces
○ Limits 50% of the motion in the spine
○ Heavy and hot, uncomfortable

A

Rigid braces

244
Q

Types of Braces

○ Work by limiting motion and acting as a reminder to use proper body posture when lifting
○ May not be able to breathe as deeply with brace on

A

Corset braces

245
Q

Instruments such as hooks, rods, and wire are attached to the spine to realign the bones.

A

Spinal instrumentation

246
Q

Degenerated discs in the spine are replaced with artificial devices.

A

Artificial disc replacement

247
Q

A balloon is inserted inside the spine to straighten and stabilize the affected area and relieve pain.

A

Kyphoplasty

248
Q

Acute Low Back Pain

caused by a sudden injury to the muscles and ligaments supporting the back.

A

Acute Low Back Pain

249
Q

Acute Low Back Pain

Clinical Manifestations

A

● tingling or burning sensation, dull achy, or sharp
● weakness of legs or feet.
● pain mild or severe
● pain in your leg, hip, or bottom of foot
● Acute back pain is back pain lasting fewer than 3 months and chronic back pain is back pain lasting 3 months or longer without treatment (Brunner &
Suddarth, 2018).
● The patient may report pain radiating down the leg known as radiculopathy (pain radiating from a diseased spinal nerve root) or sciatica (pain radiating from inflamed sciatic nerve) (Brunner &
Suddarth, 2018).

250
Q

Acute Low Back Pain

Diagnosis

A

● Physical examination
● X-ray
● CT scan of the lower spine
● MRI of the lower spine

251
Q

Acute Low Back Pain

Management

A

● Heat or ice (ice for the first 48-72 hours, then use heat)
● Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) or acetaminophen (Tylenol).
● Curled-up, fetal position with a pillow between leg if sleeping.
● Pillow or rolled towel under when sleeping on back
● Stretching and strengthening exercise

252
Q

I LOVE YOU BOO!

A

I believe in you, my future topnotcher! MWAAA!

NCM 217A (3 decks)

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