Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards
What is the link between musculoskeletal pain and vitamin D?
more muscle pain is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency
Name 5 herbs that control pain.
Tumeric, Frankincense, white willow, ginger and Chili
What is systemic enzyme therapy?
high doses of proteolytic enzymes on an empty stomach as these can break down proteins in the body causing inflammation and scar tissue.
Explain how cetylated fatty acids help with the musculoskeletal system.
the reduce inflammation by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase, reduce production of inflammatory immune factors, joint lubrication, alter cellular membranes protecting from inflammation
What is arthritis?
inflammation of joints due to infections, metabolic and constitutional causes
What is osteoarthritis?
degenerative wear and tear arthritis of articular cartilage affecting weight bearing joints resulting in pain, deformity and limitation of joint movement.
What are the symptoms of OA?
onset is gradual, pain increasing, in older people; restricted movements and joint deformed; no systemic symptoms
What are the causes of OA?
wear and tear, congenital ill-development, trauma, previous inflammatory joint disease
Explain how OA develops.
1) swelling of cartilage because of increased synthesis of proteoglycans
2) over time the proteoglycans level decreases and cartilage is soft and loses elasticity
3) flaking and fibrillations develop on joint articular cartilage
4) loss of cartilage in joint space
5) Erosion of damaged cartilage in OA joint progresses until underlying bone is exposed
6) Eburnation - subchondral bone becomes thick and dense at areas of pressure
7) irregular growth of new bone worsens pain and erosion
What are 5 OA risk factors?
increasing age, obesity, diabetes, trauma to joint, infection, osteoporosis
How is OA diagnosed?
Radiography will show asymmetric joint space narrowing, sclerosis and cyst formation.
What are the orthodox treatment for OA?
NSAID for pain relief, mild narcotic analgesics for pain relief, glucocorticosteroids for controlling inflammatory response, hyaluronic acid - local anaesthesia; surgery; stem cell treatment
How do hormones initiate or accelerate OA?
oestrogen worsens OA; tamoxifen improves OA by decreasing erosive lesions; Insulin stimulates chondrocytes to increase synthesis and assembly of proteoglycans; thyroid - increases risk of OA with hypothyroidism
What is the function of glucoamine?
building block of proteoglycans and glycoaminoglcans (GAGs) like chrondroitin; stimulates chrondrocytes to synthesis proteoglycans and collagen; inhibits enzymes collagenase and phospholipase
What are proteoglycans?
cartilage is made of collagen, proteoglycan and water
What are results of glucosamine sulphate?
improved pain and function, usually takes 1-8 weeks to appear
What is the function of chrondroitin sulphate?
competitively inhibit many of the degradative enzymes that break down the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid and it increases the amount of hyaluronic acid in joints which keeps joints libricated
What is MSM for and how does it improve OA?
source of sulphur for methionine and cysteine, and it significantly decreased pain and improved function
How does sAMe help OA?
S-adenoosyl methionine (sAMe) showed a reduction in pain, it has a slower onset of action but is as effective as celebrix
What vitamins help OA?
vitamin E, C, and D
What is RA?
Autoimmune inflammation of synovium affect all organs except brain
What are symptoms of RA?
symmetrical/bilateral arthritis affecting small joints, gradually spreads, morning stiffness, deformity of joints, genial malaise
What is the genetic risk factor for RA?
HLA-DR4
What are some triggers for RA?
cigarette smoking, bacterial/viral infections, SIBO, antigenic food, periodontal disease
